Control, Computers, Communications in Transportation (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Control, Computers, Communications in Transportation 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 10
PART I: COMMUNICATIONS - DATA PROCESSING 14
Chapter 1. Communications with Aircraft for the Civil Air Traffic Control 14
INTRODUCTION 14
THE PRESENT DAY AIR/GROUND COMMUNICATION SYSTEM 14
THE FORSEEN EVOLUTION 14
THE SSR MODE-S SYSTEM 14
THE AERONAUTICAL MOBILE SATELLITE SYSTEM 15
SATELLITE VERSUS MODE-S 17
THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE AERONAUTICAL MOBILE TELECOMMUNICATION NETWORK 17
STATE OF THE STANDARDISATION PROCESS 17
ATS COMMUNICATIONS WITH THE AMTN 17
STUDIES, EXPERIMENTS AND PLANS OF THE FRENCH DIRECTION DE LA NAVIGATION AERIENNE 20
CONCLUSION 20
REFERENCES 20
Chapter 2. Slotted Wave Guide for Automatic Command and Control of Trains 22
INTRODUCTION 22
THEORETICAL APPROACH 22
FUNDAMENTAL SYSTEM 24
POWER AND WEATHER CONSIDERATIONS 25
PRESENT REALIZATION 25
CONCLUSION 25
AKNOWLEDGEMENT 26
BIBLIOGRAPHY 26
Chapter 3. Test and Development Bench for an In-borne Computing Architecture 28
1. What lies behind the computing architecture option 28
2. How best to implement and validate this architecture 29
3. Test bed for computing architecture 30
Chapter 4. Discrete Minimal Radio Zone Communication System in RACS Project and its Performance Evaluation 32
RACS PROJECT 32
INDIVIDUAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEM 32
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM WITH DISCRETE MINIMAL RADIO ZONES 33
CONCLUDING REMARKS 39
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 39
REFERENCES 39
PART II: IMAGE PROCESSING 40
New Sensors 40
Chapter 5. Road Traffic Monitoring Using Image Processing — A Survey of Systems, Techniques and Applications 40
INTRODUCTION 40
DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING AND COMPUTER VISION 40
REVIEW OF IMAGE PROCESSING SYSTEMS 41
CAPABILITIES AND LIMITATIONS OF EXISTING SYSTEMS 42
THE TRIP II SYSTEM 44
CURRENT RESEARCH 44
FUTURE POSSIBILITIES 44
CONCLUSIONS 45
REFERENCES 45
Chapter 6. TITAN: New Traffic Measurements by Image Processing 48
INTRODUCTION 48
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS OF THE SENSOR 48
SCENE CHARACTERISTICS 49
SENSOR ALGORITHMS 49
GLOBAL PROCESS 54
CONCLUSION 55
REFERENCES 55
Systems Using New Sensor 56
Chapter 7. Interpretation of Traffic Scenes by Evaluation of Optical Flow Fields from Image Sequences 56
INTRODUCTION 56
OPTICAL FLOW FIELDS 57
SURVEILLANCE OF SCENES 57
OBSTACLE DETECTION 58
CONCLUSION 60
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 60
REFERENCES 60
Chapter 8. 3-D Motion from Line Image Sequences for Intrusion Detection on L.R.T. Tracks 64
I INTRODUCTION 64
II DEFINITION OF A SURVEILLANCE PLANE 65
Ill RECOVERING 2-D MOTION 66
IV RECOVERING 3-D MOTION 67
V PERFORMANCE EVALUATION 68
VI CONCLUSION 69
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 69
REFERENCES 69
Chapter 9. Computer Vision as a Traffic Surveillance Tool 70
INTRODUCTION 70
TRANSFORMING THE IMAGE 71
ANALYSING THE SCENE 71
THE COMPUTER SYSTEM 72
INITIAL RESULTS 73
CELL CLASSIFICATION ERRORS 73
CONCLUDING REMARKS 74
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 74
REFERENCES 74
Chapter 10. The Dilemma Phenomenon and its Detection and Measurement Using a New Type of Optoelectronic Sensor 78
INTRODUCTION 78
MEASUREMENT METHOD 78
ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTER HARDWARE 79
SOFTWARE 80
CONCLUSION 82
REFERENCES 82
PART III: SAFETY - SAFETY INFORMATION PROCESSING 84
Chapter 11. Automatic Split and Combine System of the Shinkansen Train 84
INTRODUCTION 84
METHOD OF AUTOMATIC-COUPLING TWO TRAINS 84
ACCURATE TRAIN SPEED DETECTION 85
DETECTION OF DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO TRAINS 86
GENERATION OF BACKUP BRAKING PATTERN 86
MAN-MACHINE INTERFACE 86
TRAIN AUTOMATIC STOPPING AND COUPLING CONTROL 86
CONCLUSIONS 87
REFERENCE 87
Chapter 12. Vital Coded Microprocessor Principles and Application for Various Transit Systems 92
1. PRINCIPLES OF PROBABILISTIC SAFE DESIGN 92
2. CONSTRUCTION OF THE CODED PROCESSOR 93
3. ARCHITECTURE OF THE VITAL CODED PROCESSOR 95
4. SOFTWARE ERRORS AUTOMATIC DETECTION 97
5. CONCLUSION 97
Chapter 13. Controller Performances for Short-headways Transportation Systems 98
INTRODUCTION 98
REAL TIME CONTROLLERS CONCEPTS SOME BASIC 98
DYNAMIC FAILURES AND HARD DEADLINES 99
PERFORMANCE MEASURE FOR REAL TIME CONTROLLERS 100
APPLICATION 101
CONCLUSION 101
REFERENCES 102
Chapter 14. Results of a Safety Software Validation: SACEM 104
Introduction 105
Targets 105
General Principles 106
Wayside Equipement 106
Carborne Equipment 106
Safety Concepts 107
Validation Process Performed by RA.. 107
Validation Process Performed by the Contractors 107
Validation Results 108
Conclusion 111
Chapter 15. Approval Procedure for Automatic Equipment of Unmanned Metro System 112
INTRODUCTION 113
PRACTICAL PROCEDURES 113
ROLE OF INRETS 113
Conclusion 115
Part IV: ROUND TABLE DISCUSSION 116
Chapter 16. Safety Licensing 116
PART IV: TRANSPORT OPERATIONS AND MANAGEMENT 118
Chapter 17. Empty Freight Railcar Assignment by Expert System 118
INTRODUCTION 118
MODELING OF THE REASONING PROCESSES AND EXPERT SYSTEM 119
KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT 120
SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE 120
THE INTERFACES 121
CONCLUSION 122
Acknowledgments 122
REFERENCES 122
Chapter 18. Decomposition Method for Generation of Optimal Timetables for Urban Bus Network 124
INTRODUCTION 124
TIMETABLE PREPARATION IN THE BUS PLANNING PROCESS 124
PRIOR WORK 125
PROBLEM DEFINITION 126
SOLUTION METHOD 127
OPTIMIZATION OF THE TIMETABLE 127
CONCLUSIONS 128
REFERENCES 128
Chapter 19. RETIS: An Interactive Graphic Tool for Computer Assisted Network Design 130
1 - RETIS'S GENERAL MODE OF OPERATION 131
2 - VARIANTS AND NETWORK STATES : GRAPH ELEMENT MANAGEMENT 132
3 - INTERACTIVE CALCULATIONS 135
4. ENRICHING THE POLES 137
PART V: RAILWAYS 138
Railways Traffic Control 138
Chapter 20. Traffic Modelling and Control for Metro Circle Lines 138
Introduction 138
2. Traffic modelling 139
3. Nominal steady state traffic 139
4. Traffic description and control with respect to a nominal schedule 140
5. Traffic description and control without reference to a nominal schedule. 142
6. Simulation results 143
Conclusions 143
References 144
Chapter 21. AGD: An Intelligent Remote Station for Signalling Box and Traffic Remote Control 146
INTRODUCTION 146
DESCRIPTION OF THE SYSTEM. 147
DESCRIPTION OF THE EQUIPMENT AGD 147
AGD A REMOTE TELEMETRY UNIT. 149
AGD - HARDWARE DESCRIPTION 149
RELIABILITY AND AVAILABILITY. 150
CONCLUSIONS. 150
Chapter 22. Discrete-event Simulation and Control Strategies for Underground Railways 154
INTRODUCTION 154
THE MODEL AND THE SIMULATOR STRUCTURE 154
VARIABLES OF THE MODEL 155
CONTROL STRATEGIES 157
CONCLUSIONS 158
REFERENCES 158
Chapter 23. ESTRAC-III: An Expert System for Train Traffic Control in Disturbed Si tuat ions 160
INTRODUCTION 160
RESCHEDULING 161
ESTRAC 162
ESTRAC-III 162
AN OPERATION EXAMPLE 164
CONCLUSION 166
REFERENCES 166
Railways Modeling and Simulation 168
Chapter 24. Train Simulator 168
INTRODUCTION 168
MODELLING 168
SIMULATION 170
SIMULATION AND SUPERVISION ALGORITHMS IMPLEMENTATION 172
TRIAL RESULTS 173
CONCLUSIONS 173
REFERENCES 174
APPENDICES 174
Chapter 25. TRAFIC: A Tool for Railway Regulation 176
EXISTING SOLUTONS AND THEIR LIMITATIONS 176
DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES OF OTHER REGULATON 177
FORMALIZATON OF TRAIN MOVEMENTS 177
A FLEXIBLE TOOL FOR RAILWAY REGULATON 178
TRAFIC DEMONSTRATON VERSION 178
CONCLUSION 179
REFERENCES 179
Fully Automatic Systems 180
Chapter 26. Operation and Evolution of the VAL in Lille 180
INTRODUCTION 180
1. A SUMMARY OF FIVE YEARS OF OPERATION 181
2. SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT IN 1988 AND CONSEQUENCES ON SYSTEM OPERATION 182
CONCLUSION 184
Reference 184
PART VI: TRAFFIC MODELING AND CONTROL 190
Chapter 27. Traffic Congestion Control 190
INTRODUCTION 190
DEFINITIONS 190
FREEWAY CONTROL 191
CRITICAL INTERSECTION CONTROL 191
NETWORK CONTROL 192
SOME PROSPECT 194
CONCLUSION 194
REFERENCES 194
Chapter 28. A Measurement and Data Processing System for Car-following Behavior Analysis 196
INTRODUCTION 196
DATA - GATHERING CARS AND EXPERIMENT METHOD 196
SMOOTHING 197
VALIDITY TEST 198
CONCLUSION 199
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 199
REFERENCES 199
Chapter 29. On Line Estimation of Turning Movements and Saturation Flows in PRODYN 204
INTRODUCTION 204
SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS 204
TURNING MOVEMENT RATOS ESTIMATON 205
S..URATION FLOW RATES ESTIMATON 207
CONCLUSION 209
REFERENCES 209
ACKNOLEDGMENT 209
APPENDICES 209
PART VII: MOTORWAY TRAFFIC CONTROL 212
Chapter 30. Control Strategies for Increasing Motorway Capacity 212
1. INTRODUCTION 212
2. THE RELIABILITY OF MOTORWAY TRANSPORT SYSTEM 213
3. A MODEL OF MOTORWAY CARRIAGEWAYS TRAVELLED BY HABITUAL DRIVERS 214
4. THE INFLUENCE OF SPEED LIMITS ON DRIVERS' BEHAVIOUR 215
4. CONCLUSIONS 217
REFERENCES 217
Chapter 31. Modelling and Real-time Control of Traffic Flow on the Boulevard Peripherique in Paris 218
INTRODUCTION 218
DESCRIPTION OF THE SOUTHERN PART OF BOULEVARD PERIPHERIQUE 218
RAMP METERING STRATEGIES 220
SIMULATION TESTS 222
CONCLUSIONS 223
REFERENCES 223
APPENDIX 224
Chapter 32. On Control Strategies for Urban Traffic Corridors 226
INTRODUCTION 226
SIMULATION MODELS 227
OPTIMAL CONTROL PROBLEM 229
OPTIMIZATION PROCEDURE 230
RESULTS 230
CONCLUSIONS 232
REFERENCES 232
Chapter 33. Application of Stochastic Control Concepts to a Freeway Traffic Control Problem 234
INTRODUCTION 234
THE FREEWAY TRAFFIC MODEL 234
THE FILTER 236
THE CONTROL POLICY 237
CONCLUSIONS 240
REFERENCES 240
Chapter 34. A Formulation of On-ramp Traffic Control System with Route Guidance for Urban Expressway 242
INTRODUCTION 242
CURRENT ON-RAMP CONTROL TECHNIQUES 243
EXTENSION OF LP CONTROL FORMULATION 244
SOLUTION PROCEDURES 247
NUMERICAL EXAMPLE 248
CONCLUDING REMARKS 248
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 249
REFERENCES 249
PART VIII: REAL TIME URBAN TRAFFIC CONTROL 250
Chapter 35. Scoot Urban Traffic Control System — Philosophy and Evaluation 250
INTRODUCTION 250
DESCRIPTION OF SCOOT 250
FIELD TRIALS 250
RESULTS 251
FURTHER DEVELOPMENTS 252
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 252
REFERENCES 252
Chapter 36. OPAC: Strategy for Demand-responsive Decentralized Traffic Signal Control 254
INTRODUCTION 254
PRESCRIPTION FOR STRATEGY DEVELOPMENT 254
DYNAMIC PROGRAMMING OPTIMIZATION 255
ROLLING HORIZON OPTIMIZATION 255
CONCLUSIONS 256
REFERENCES 256
Chapter 37. UTOPIA 258
INTRODUCTION 258
BASIC UTOPIA'S CONCEPTS 258
THE FIRST REALIZATION: THE 'PROGETTO TORINO' CONTROL SYSTEM 259
FIELD TESTS AND RESULTS 260
REFERENCES 261
Chapter 38. PRODYN 266
INTRODUCTION 266
CONTROL STRATEGY 266
ZELT IMPLEMENTATON 267
ASSESSMENT 268
CONCLUSION 268
REFERENCES 268
PART IX: ROUTE GUIDANCE 270
Chapter 39. Integrated System of Navigation and Communication in Japan 270
GENERAL BACKGROUND OF TRAFFIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS 270
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS AND RESULTS IN RACS PROJECT 272
INTEGRATED EXPERIMENT 274
FUTURE EXTENSION OF RACS PROJECT 274
DEVELOPMENT OF DYNAMIC ROUTE GUIDANCE SYSTEM - A JAPANESE WAY OF APPROACH? 275
REFERENCES 277
Chapter 40. LISB— An Individual Route Guidance and Information System in Berlin 278
INTRODUCTIONAL REMARKS 278
SHORT SYSTEM DESRIPTION 278
ASPECTS OF THE FIELD TRIAL IN BERLIN 279
THE EXCHANGE OF INFORMATION IN THE LISB EXPERIMENT 279
GUIDANCE STRATEGY 280
FURTHER POTENTIAL OF THE ALI-SCOUT SYSTEM 281
REFERENCES 281
Chapter 41. AUTOGUIDE — Electronic Route Guidance in the UK 282
INTRODUCTION 282
BACKGROUND 283
USING AUTOGUIDE 283
SYSTEM DESIGN 284
THE LONDON DEMONSTRATION SYSTEM 286
INTERNATIONAL CO-OPERATION 287
THE LONDON PILOT SYSTEM 288
CONCLUSIONS 288
REFERENCES 289
Chapter 42. An Algorithm for an Incident Management in a Route Guidance System 290
INTRODUCTION 290
USER INTERFACE 290
TRAVEL TIME MODIFICATIONS FOR FOR ESEEABLE INCIDENTS 291
TRAVEL TIME MODIFICATIONS FOR UNFORESEEABLE INCIDENTS 291
IMPLEMENTATION 293
REFERENCES 293
Author Index 294
Keyword Index 296