Crime (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Crime 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 6
FOREWORD 8
MEMBERSHIP OF THE JOINT STEERING COMMITTEE 9
INTRODUCTION 10
26: CRIME 14
ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE TEXT 16
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 18
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 26
1.1 INTRODUCTION 26
1.2 PUBLICATIONS 26
1.3 SOURCES OF STATISTICS 27
1.4 AREAL STATISTICS 30
1.5 HISTORICAL CHANGES 30
1.6 INTERPRETATION 31
CHAPTER 2. THE BASIS OF CRIMINAL STATISTICS 34
2.1 INTRODUCTION 34
2.2 UNRECORDED CRIME 35
2.3 CRIMINAL PROCEDURE IN ENGLAND AND WALES 38
2.4 CLASSIFICATION OF OFFENCES IN ENGLAND AND WALES 40
2.5 CRIMINAL PROCEDURE IN NORTHERN IRELAND 41
2.6 CLASSIFICATION OF OFFENCES IN NORTHERN IRELAND 42
2.7 CRIMINAL PROCEDURE IN SCOTLAND 43
2.8 CLASSIFICATION OF OFFENCES IN SCOTLAND 44
2.9 COMPARISONS BETWEEN ENGLAND AND WALES, AND SCOTLAND 44
CHAPTER 3. OFFENCES RECORDED BY THE POLICE 45
3.1 PUBLISHED STATISTICS IN ENGLAND AND WALES 45
3.2 SOURCE OF STATISTICS 47
3.3 CLASSIFICATION RULES 48
3.4 COUNTING RULES 50
3.5 OFFENCES CLEARED-UP 51
3.6 HISTORICAL NOTE 52
3.7 PROBLEMS OF INTERPRETATION 54
3.8 PUBLISHED STATISTICS IN NORTHERN IRELAND 58
3.9 SOURCE OF STATISTICS 59
3.10 HISTORICAL NOTE 59
3.11 DIFFICULTIES OF INTERPRETATION 59
3.12 PUBLISHED STATISTICS IN SCOTLAND 59
3.13 SOURCE OF STATISTICS 60
3.14 PROBLEMS OF INTERPRETATION 62
3.15 COMPARISONS WITH ENGLAND AND WALES 62
CHAPTER 4. CAUTIONS 64
4.1 ENGLAND AND WALES 64
4.2 PUBLISHED STATISTICS 65
4.3 SOURCE OF STATISTICS 65
4.4 HISTORICAL CHANGES 66
4.5 DIFFICULTIES OF INTERPRETATION 66
4.6 NORTHERN IRELAND 67
4.7 SCOTLAND 67
CHAPTER 5. PROCEEDINGS IN THE COURTS 68
5.1 REMANDS IN ENGLAND AND WALES 68
5.2 ENGLAND AND WALES: MAGISTRATES' COURT TABLES 70
5.3 CROWN COURT TABLES 73
5.4 THE RESULTS OF PROCEEDINGS IN THE MAGISTRATES' COURTS 75
5.5 THE RESULTS OF PROCEEDINGS IN THE CROWN COURT 76
5.6 NON-CUSTODIAL SENTENCES 77
5.7 CUSTODIAL SENTENCES 80
5.8 TABLES IN COMMENTARY TO CS 83
5.9 SOURCE OF STATISTICS 85
5.10 CHANGES IN LEGISLATION 90
5.11 CHANGES IN PUBLICATIONS 93
5.12 DIFFICULTIES OF INTERPRETATION 95
5.13 COURT STATISTICS (NORTHERN IRELAND) 99
5.14 INDICTABLE OFFENCES 100
5.15 NON-INDICTABLE OFFENCES 101
5.16 JUVENILE OFFENDERS 101
5.17 SOURCE OF STATISTICS 102
5.18 HISTORICAL CHANGES 102
5.19 COURT STATISTICS (SCOTLAND) 103
5.20 RESULTS OF PROCEEDINGS 104
5.21 SOURCE OF STATISTICS 106
5.22 HISTORICAL CHANGES 107
5.23 DISCUSSION 111
5.24 COMPARISON OF SCOTLAND WITH ENGLAND AND WALES 111
CHAPTER 6. DIRECTOR OF PUBLIC PROSECUTIONS 113
6.1 FUNCTIONS 113
6.2 PUBLISHED STATISTICS 114
6.3 SOURCE OF STATISTICS 114
6.4 HISTORICAL NOTE 115
CHAPTER 7. APPEALS 116
7.1 ENGLAND AND WALES: APPEALS TO THE CROWN COURT 116
7.2 APPEALS TO THE COURT OF APPEAL (CRIMINAL DIVISION) 117
7.3 APPEALS TO HIGH COURT, QUEEN'S BENCH DIVISION (DIVISIONAL COURT) 119
7.4 APPEALS TO HOUSE OF LORDS 120
7.5 SOURCE OF STATISTICS 120
7.6 HISTORICAL NOTE 121
7.7 APPEALS IN NORTHERN IRELAND 122
7.8 SCOTLAND: APPEALS IN SUMMARY PROCEEDINGS 123
7.9 APPEALS IN SOLEMN PROCEEDINGS 124
CHAPTER 8. KNOWN OFFENDERS 125
8.1 INTRODUCTION 125
8.2 REGIONAL ANALYSIS 126
8.3 SOCIAL FACTORS 127
8.4 RECONVICTION STUDIES 129
CHAPTER 9. SOME OFFENCES IN DETAIL I: (NORMALLY PROSECUTED BY THE POLICE) 132
9.1 OFFENCES RELATING TO DRUGS 132
9.2 OFFENCES OF DRUNKENNESS 134
9.3 OFFENCES INVOLVING FIREARMS 137
9.4 HOMICIDE 139
9.5 OFFENCES RELATING TO MOTOR VEHICLES 143
9.6 VAGRANCY AND STREET OFFENCES 149
CHAPTER 10. SOME OFFENCES IN DETAIL II: (NORMALLY PRIVATE PROSECUTIONS) 151
10.1 OFFENCES WITHIN THE ARMED FORCES (UK) 151
10.2 CUSTOMS AND EXCISE (UK) 152
10.3 FIRE SERVICES 152
10.4 THE GAMING BOARD FOR GREAT BRITAIN 152
10.5 HEALTH AND SAFETY (GB) 152
10.6 INCOME TAX (UK) 153
10.7 PUBLIC TELEPHONE VANDALISM (GB) 154
10.8 RACE RELATIONS (GB) 154
10.9 SOCIAL SECURITY OFFENCES (GB) 154
10.10 DEPARTMENT OF TRADE (GB) 156
10.11 TRADING STANDARDS (GB) 156
10.12 WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY ACTS OFFENCES (UK) 157
CHAPTER 11. THE POLICE 159
11.1 ENGLAND AND WALES 159
11.2 HM CHIEF INSPECTOR OF CONSTABULARY'S REPORT [QRL 93] 159
11.3 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF POLICE OF THE METROPOLIS [QRL 86] 162
11.4 CHIEF CONSTABLES' REPORTS 166
11.5 COMPLAINTS AGAINST THE POLICE 167
11.6 NORTHERN IRELAND 172
11.7 SCOTLAND 173
11.8 BRITISH TRANSPORT POLICE (GB) 174
CHAPTER 12. PROBATION AND AFTER-CARE 177
12.1 ENGLAND AND WALES 177
12.2 PUBLICATIONS 178
12.3 WORK IN RELATION TO OFFENDERS 179
12.4 OTHER WORK 181
12.5 STRENGTH OF SERVICE, EXPENDITURE AND CASELOADS 182
12.6 SOURCE OF STATISTICS 184
12.7 HISTORICAL CHANGES 186
12.8 PROBLEMS OF INTERPRETATION AND RECENT RESEARCH 188
12.9 PROBATION IN NORTHERN IRELAND 189
12.10 PROBATION IN SCOTLAND 189
12.11 PUBLISHED STATISTICS 189
12.12 SOURCE OF STATISTICS 190
12.13 HISTORICAL CHANGES 191
12.14 DISCUSSION 191
CHAPTER 13. PRISONS 192
13.1 ENGLAND AND WALES 192
13.2 GENERAL FEATURES 192
13.3 THE PRISON POPULATION 195
13.4 PAROLE 198
13.5 RECONVICTIONS 198
13.6 SOURCE OF STATISTICS 199
13.7 HISTORICAL CHANGES 201
13.8 DIFFICULTIES OF INTERPRETATION 202
13.9 NORTHERN IRELAND 204
13.10 STATISTICAL TABLES 205
13.11 SCOTLAND 207
13.12 THE PRISON POPULATION 208
13.13 SOURCE OF STATISTICS 209
13.14 PRISON CENSUS 210
CHAPTER 14. PAROLE 211
14.1 ENGLAND AND WALES: WORK OF THE PAROLE BOARD 211
14.2 PUBLISHED STATISTICS 214
14.3 SOURCE OF STATISTICS 215
14.4 HISTORICAL NOTE 216
14.5 DIFFICULTIES OF INTERPRETATION AND RESEARCH 216
14.6 NORTHERN IRELAND 217
14.7 SCOTLAND 217
CHAPTER 15. CHILDREN AND YOUNG PERSONS 219
15.1 ENGLAND AND WALES 219
15.2 PUBLISHED STATISTICS 221
15.3 SOURCE OF STATISTICS 223
15.4 HISTORICAL CHANGES 223
15.5 NORTHERN IRELAND 224
15.6 SCOTLAND 225
15.7 PUBLICATIONS 227
15.8 SOURCE OF STATISTICS 228
15.9 HISTORICAL CHANGES 228
15.10 DISCUSSION 228
CHAPTER 16. THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE CROWN COURT 230
16.1 ADMINISTRATION 230
16.2 PUBLICATION 231
16.3 SOURCE OF STATISTICS 233
16.4 HISTORICAL NOTE 237
16.5 DISCUSSION 239
CHAPTER 17. LEGAL AID 241
17.1 ENGLAND AND WALES 241
17.2 PUBLISHED STATISTICS 241
17.3 SOURCE OF STATISTICS 243
17.4 HISTORICAL NOTE 243
17.5 INTERPRETATION 244
17.6 NORTHERN IRELAND 244
17.7 SCOTLAND 244
CHAPTER 18. MISCELLANEOUS 245
18.1 PREROGATIVE OF MERCY 245
18.2 EXTRADITION AND FUGITIVE OFFENDERS 245
18.3 MENTALLY DISORDERED OFFENDERS 246
18.4 COMPENSATION OF VICTIMS (GB) 247
CHAPTER 19. DISCUSSION 250
19.1 POSSIBLE IMPROVEMENTS 250
19.2 OFFENCES 251
19.3 OFFENDERS 254
19.4 COURT PROCEEDINGS 255
19.5 LINKAGE 256
19.6 OTHER COMMENTS ON PUBLISHED STATISTICS 257
19.7 VICTIM STUDIES 259
19.8 INTERPRETATION 260
QUICK REFERENCE LIST„TABLE OF CONTENTS 264
BIBLIOGRAPHY 294
LIST OF APPENDICES 298
APPENDIX A: INDICTABLE OFFENCES FOR ENGLAND AND WALES SHOWING CLASSIFICATION NUMBERS USED 
 
299 
APPENDIX B: NON-INDICTABLE OFFENCES, ENGLAND AND WALES (prior to CLA 1977) 307
APPENDIX C: STANDARD LIST OF OFFENCES 311
APPENDIX D: CRIMINAL LAW ACT 1977 312
APPENDIX E: OFFENCES TRIABLE EITHER WAY (Criminal Law Act 1977) 315
APPENDIX F: SCHEDULED OFFENCES (NORTHERN IRELAND) 318
APPENDIX G: CRIMINAL RECORD OFFICE LIST OF RECORDABLE OFFENCES 320
APPENDIX H: CRIMES AND OFFENCES IN SCOTLAND 322
APPENDIX I: OFFENCES AGAINST PROPERTY 328
APPENDIX J: FORGERY AND OFFENCES AGAINST THE CURRENCY 339
APPENDIX K: MALICIOUS INJURIES TO PROPERTY 342
APPENDIX L: WOUNDING AND OTHER NON-SEXUAL OFFENCES AGAINST THE PERSON 346
APPENDIX M: HOMICIDE AND SUICIDE 349
APPENDIX N: SEXUAL OFFENCES 353
APPENDIX O: OTHER OFFENCES AGAINST THE STATE AND PUBLIC ORDER 356
APPENDIX P: DRUG OFFENCES 358
APPENDIX Q: IMMIGRATION OFFENCES 360
APPENDIX R: PROBATION 361
APPENDIX S: FINES 363
APPENDIX T: IMPRISONMENT 364
APPENDIX U: IMPRISONMENT FOR DEFAULT IN PAYMENT OF FINE 366
APPENDIX V: OTHER SENTENCES 368
APPENDIX W: CHILDREN AND YOUNG PERSONS (under 17 years) 370
APPENDIX X: YOUNG ADULT OFFENDERS (17-20 YEARS) 372
APPENDIX Y: MENTALLY ABNORMAL OFFENDERS 374
APPENDIX Z: ADDRESSES 376
APPENDIX A': DISTRIBUTION OF CROWN COURT BUSINESS: OFFENCE CLASSES 380
APPENDIX B': CROWN COURT CENTRES BY CIRCUIT AND TIER 383
APPENDIX C: POLICE FORCE AREAS AFTER 1 APRIL 1974 386
APPENDIX D': DHSS REGIONS AND LOCAL AUTHORITIES IN ENGLAND AND WALES 388
APPENDIX E': HOME OFFICE PUBLICATIONS 392
APPENDIX F' 397
APPENDIX G' 401
APPENDIX H': CRIME REPORT 405
SUBJECT INDEX TO CRIME 407