Theory and Application of Digital Control (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Theory and Application of Digital Control 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 8
IFAC SYMPOSIUM ON THEORY AND APPLICATION OF DIGITAL CONTROL 6
FOREWORD 7
Chapter 1. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN STATISTICAL SIGNAL PROCESSING 14
1. Introduction 14
2. Determining Optimal Filters 15
3. Implementation of Optimal Filters 16
REFERENCES 20
Chapter 2. THE SOFTWARE AGE 24
Chapter 3. FUZZY PROBABILITIES AND THEIR ROLE IN DECISION ANALYSIS 28
INTRODUCTION 28
THE CONCEPT OF FUZZY PROBABILITY 28
CONCLUDING REMARK 33
REFERENCES AND RELATED LITERATURE 34
Chapter 4. LARGE SCALE CONTROL SYSTEM DESIGN 36
INTRODUCTION 36
THE LARGE SCALE SYSTEM MODELLING PROBLEM 37
SEQUENTIAL STABILITY AND THE LOCAL MODEL PROBLEM 38
CHARACTERIZATIONS OF INTERCONNECTED DECENTRALIZED SYSTEMS 40
CONCLUSIONS 42
NUMERICAL EXAMPLE: SOLUTION OF LOAD AND FREQUENCY CONTROL PROBLEM USING LOCAL MODELS 42
REFERENCES 42
Chapter 5. MICROPROCESSORS IN REAL-TIME CONTROL 44
INTRODUCTION 44
CURRENT DEVELOPMENTS IN TECHNOLOGY 45
CURRENT CONTROL APPLICATIONS 46
FUTURE TRENDS 49
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 49
REFERENCES 49
Chapter 6. STATUS OF DIGITAL CONTROL SYSTEMS 52
INTRODUCTION 52
FUNCTIONAL DEVELOPMENTS OF DIGITAL CONTROL SYSTEMS 52
DESIGN TECHNIQUES FOR DIGITAL CONTROL SYSTEMS 54
CONCLUSION 56
REFERENCES 56
Chapter 7. INTEGRAL CONTROL ACTION AND SEPARATED FEEDBACK CONTROL 58
INTRODUCTION 58
INTEGRATORS IN OPTIMAL STOCHASTIC CONTROL 59
CASE STUDIES 60
CONCLUSIONS 63
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 63
REFERENCES 63
Chapter 8. SELFTUNING CASCADE CONTROL OF LINEAR AND NONLINEAR SYSTEMS 66
INTRODUCTION 66
SELFTUNING CASCADE CONTROL OF LINEAR SYSTEMS 66
SELFTUING CASCADE CONTROL OF NONLINEAR SYSTEMS 67
SIMULATION RESULTS 68
CONCLUSIONS 69
REFERENCES 69
Chapter 9. INTERACTIVE BLOCKORIENTATED CONTROL BY MICROCOMPUTER 70
INTRODUCTION 70
THE CONCEPT OF BLOCKÔRIENTATION 70
IMPLEMENTATION 71
CONCLUSION 72
REFERENCES 72
Chapter 10. DIGITALIZING EXISTING CONTINUOUS-DATA CONTROL SYSTEMS VIA "CONTINUOUS FREQUENCY MATCHING" 74
INTRODUCTION 74
DIGITAL CONTROLLER DESIGN VIA CONTINUOUS FREQUENCY MATCHING 74
CONCLUSIONS 77
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 77
REFERENCES 77
Chapter 11.ON THE STRUCTURE OF QUANTIZED-CONTROL QUANTIZED-OBSERVATION SYSTEMS 78
INTRODUCTION 78
PRELIMINARIES 79
QUANTIZED CONTROL SYSTEM 79
FURTHER DISCUSSIONS 81
STATE OBSERVATION USING QUANTIZED OUTPUT INFORMATION 82
CONCLUSION 83
REFERENCES 83
Chapter 12. A TEST CASE FOR ADAPTIVE CONTROL:CAR STEERING 84
1. INTRODUCTION 84
2. THE CAR STEERING MODEL 84
3. ADAPTIVE REGULATORS 86
4. CONCLUSIONS 89
REFERENCES 89
Chapter 13.ROBUST CONTROLLER DESIGN BY FREQUENCY- DEPENDENT COST FUNCTIONALS 90
INTRODUCTION 90
LINEAR-QUADRATIC-GAUSSIAN FORMULATION 90
FREQUENCY SHAPING OF COST FUNCTIONALS 91
FREQUENCY SHAPING IN STATE ESTIMATION 92
EXAMPLES 93
APPLICATION TO DIGITAL SYSTEMS 95
CONCLUSIONS 96
REFERENCES 96
Chapter 14. DIGITAL COMPUTER CONTROL OF COMMUNICATION NETWORKS 98
INTRODUCTION 98
MODEL FORMULATION 98
PROBLEM SOLUTION 100
IMPLEMENTATION 100
CONCLUSIONS 101
REFERENCES 101
Chapter 15. ADAPTIVE CONTROL OF MARKOV CHAINS:A SURVEY 102
INTRODUCTION 102
ADAPTIVE POLICIES 103
MAX LIKELIHOOD 104
MODIFIED MLE 105
CONCLUDING REMARKS 105
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 106
REFERENCES 106
Chapter 16. CAD COVERING ALL PULSE TRANSFER FUNCTIONS ATTAINABLE BY LINEAR COMPENSATION 108
INTRODUCTION 108
CONTROLLED OBJECTS 108
PULSE TRANSFER FUNCTION SATTAINABLE BY LINEAR COMPENSATION 109
CONTROL STRATEGY 110
CAD PROGRAM 110
CONCLUSION 112
REFERENCES 112
Chapyrt 17. DESIGN OF DIGITAL STATE-FEEDBACK CONTROLLERS USING A CAD PACKAGE 114
INTRODUCTION 114
MATHEMATICAL FORMULATION OF THE PROBLEM 114
CAD SOFTWARE 118
APPLICATION 119
CONCLUSION 121
REFERENCES 121
Chapter 18. COMPUTER-AIDED-DESIGN OF MAGNETICALLY SUSPENDED VEHICLES 122
1. INTRODUCTION 122
2. VEHICLE DYNAMICS:SIMPLIFIED EQUATIONS 122
3, CONTROL OF A MAGNETICALLY SUSPENDED VEHICLE 123
4, DESIGN CRITERIA 123
5. VEHICLE DYNAMICS: GENERALIZED EQUATIONS 124
6. MULTIVARIABLE CONTROLLER DESIGN 125
7. CONCLUSION 127
8. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 128
9. REFERENCES 128
Chapter 19. ADAPTIVE CONTROL OF A NONLINEAR SYSTEM 132
INTRODUCTION 132
2 .LINEAR SYSTEM: DYNAMICS AND CONTROL [3) 134
3.NONLINEAR SYSTEM: LINEAR FEEDBACK CONTROL. 134
4. MODEL-REFERENCE ADAPTIVE CONTROL [5,6] 135
5. ADAPTIVE STATE FEEDBACK CONTROL 136
6. MICROPROCESSOR SIMULATION 137
7.CONCLUDING COMMENTS 137
8. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 138
9. REFERENCES 138
10. SYSTEM PARAMETERS 138
Chapter 20..A SIMPLE CONTROL LANGUAGE FORMICROPROCESSORS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 140
INTRODUCTION 140
SOME DETAILS OF THE LANGUAGE 141
REAL TIME FEATURES 142
ASPECTS OF THE IMPLEMENTATION 143
SOME APPLICATIO 144
CONCLUSION 145
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 145
REFERENCES 145
Chapter 21.MULTIPROCESSORS FOR POWER SYSTEMS-SOME PROGRAMMING AND RESEARCH ISSUES 146
POWER SYSTEMS 146
ONGOING WORK - A BRIEF CRITIQUE 147
THE Cm* MULTIPROCESSOR 147
SOME PARALLEL PROGRAMMING ISSUES 148
MODELS 148
CONCLUSIONS 149
REFERENCES 149
Chapter 22. A SOFTWARE ARCHITECTURE FOR DISTRIBUTED COMPUTER CONTROL SYSTEMS 152
1.INTRODUCTION 152
2. DISTRIBUTED COMPUTER CONTROL SYSTEMS 152
3. SYSTEM CONFIGURATION 154
4. APPLICATION PROGRAMMING 155
5. CONCLUSION 157
REFERENCES 157
Chapter 23. REAL TIME ANALYSIS OF MICROPROCESSOR CONTROL SYSTEM 160
INTRODUCTION 160
DIGITAL CONTROL LOOP IMPLEMENTATION 160
HARDWARE ERROR CONTRIBUTORS 162
CONCLUSIONS 165
REFERENCES 165
Chapter 24. MULTIPROCESSOR SYSTEM FOR THE CONTROL OF ANALOGOUS AND DIGITAL SIGNALS 166
INTRODUCTION 166
DEMANDS FOR REALISATION 167
DEMANDS 167
MULTIPROCESSOR SYSTEMS 168
MASTER COMPUTER 168
SLAVE PROCESSOR 168
UNIVERSAL APPLICATION 169
Chapter 25. THEORETICAL DEVELOPMENTS IN DISCRETETIME CONTROL 170
INTRODUCTION 170
OPTIMAL CONTROL 171
RICCATI EQUATION 171
CONTROLLABILITY, STABILITY, AND ROBUSTNESS 171
DEADBEAT AND MINIMUM-TIME SYSTEMS 172
SAMPLING, QUANTIZATION, AND MICROPROCESSOR IMPLEMENTATION 172
STOCHASTIC SYSTEMS 172
GENERAL 173
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 173
REFERENCES 173
Chapter 26. OPTIMAL CONTROL OF DISCRETE SYSTEM WITH DELAY IN CONTROL AND IN ITS DERIVATIVE 178
INTRODUCTION 178
DISCRETE LINEAR TRACKING PROBLEM 179
CONTROLLABILITY 181
QUADRATIC LINEAR REGULATOR PROBLEMS 181
OPTIMISATION 181
SOLUTION OF THE TRACKING AND RICCATI EQUATION 182
EXPRESSIONS FOR CONTROL INPUTS 182
CONCLUSION 183
REFERENCES 183
Chapter 27. OBSERVABILITY AND DEAD-BEAT OBSERVERS FOR DISCRETE-TIME LINEAR SYSTEMS WITH UNKNOWN INPUTS 186
INTRODUCTION 186
UNOBSERVABLE SUBSPACE 186
OBSERVABILITY 187
DEAD-BEAT OBSERVER 189
CONCLUSION 190
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 191
REFERENCES 191
APPENDIX 191
Chapter 28. A SINGULAR PERTURBATION METHOD FOR BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEMS IN DISCRETE SYSTEMS 192
INTRODUCTION 192
PROBLEM STATEMENT 192
BASIC PRINCIPLE OF T.. METHOD 193
DEVELOPMENT OF THE METHOD 193
CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION 194
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE- 194
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 196
REEERENCES 196
Chapter 29. SIMULATION AND CONTROL OF DISCRETE GENERALIZED STATE SPACE SYSTEMS 198
1.INTRODUCTION 198
2. BACKGROUND DEVELOPMENT 198
3.MAIN RESULTS 200
4. CONCLUDING REMARKS 202
REFERENCES 202
Chapter 30. CONTROL OF WATER RESOURCE SYSTEM FOR HYDROPOWER SCHEDULING 204
INTRODUCTION 204
SYSTEM DESCRIPTION AND MODELING 204
CONTROL STRATEGY 206
REFERENCES 207
RESULTS OF SIMULATION STUDIES 207
CONCLUSIONS 207
REFERENCES 207
Chapter 31. SIMULTANEOUS MULTIPLE DATA TRANSMISSION BY USING DELAYED PSEUDO RANDOM SIGNALS 210
INTRODUCTION 210
PRINCIPLE OF SIMULTANEOUS TRANSMISSION OF SIGNALS 210
FREQUENCY CHARACTERISTICS OF TRANSMISSION SYSTEM 211
CONCLUSION 214
REFERENCES 214
EXPERIMENTAL APPARATUS 214
Chapter 32. APPLICATION OF OBSERVERS TO INSTRUMENT FAILURE DETECTION1 216
INTRODUCTION 216
SURVEY ON IFD SCHEMES 216
SENSITIVITY STUDY OF CLARK'S SIMPLIFIED IFD SCHEME 217
ROBUST OBSERVER SCHEME (ROS) FOR IFD 218
IFD OF A NUCLEAR POWER STATION VIA ROS 219
CONCLUSIONS 221
REFERENCES 221
Chapter 33. MODELLING AND MAINTENANCE OF DETERIORATING SENSORS FOR FILTERING 222
INTRODUCTION 222
MODELLING OF DETERIORATION AND MAINTENANCE 222
OPTIMAL MAINTENANCE P0LÏCY (MODEL I) 224
OPTIMAL MAINTENANCE POLICY (MODAL II) 225
CONCLUSIONS 226
REFERENCES 226
Chapter 34. A ROBUST DIGITAL-ANALOG CONTROL STRATEGY FOR ENSURING RAPID RESPONSE PONSE AND ZERO TRACKING ERROR
INTRODUCTION 228
THE CONTROLLER STRUCTURE 230
ALTERNATIVE CONTROLLER STRUCTURES 232
EXAMPLE 233
CONCLUSIONS 235
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 235
REFERENCES 235
Chapter 35. NEW METHODS OF CONTROLLING NONLINEAR SYSTEM REPRESENTED BY DISCRETE VOLTERRA FUNCTIONAL SERIES 236
INTRODUCTION 236
THEORETICAL ANALYSIS 236
DESIGN OF CONTROL SYSTEM FOR MATHEMATICAL MODEL 239
CONCLUSIONS 241
REFERENCES 241
Chapter 36. CONTROL METHOD OF BIPED LOCOMOTION GIVING ASYMPTOTIC STABILITY OF TRAJECTORY 242
INTRODUCTION 242
EQUATIONS OF MOTION FOR A BIPED MODEL 242
CONTROL METHOD 243
MORPHOLOGICAL DISCUSSION 243
SIMULATION 245
BIPEDAL WALKING MACHINE "BIPMAN" 245
CONCLUSIONS 245
REFERENCES 245
APPENDIX 2 247
Chapter 37.NEW UNBIASED METHODS FOR NARROWBAND SPECTRAL ESTIMATION 248
INTRODUCTION 248
FREQUENCY DOMAIN ANALYSIS 249
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE NOTCH FILTER 250
TOEPLITZ APPROXIMATION FORMULATION 251
SVD TOEPLITZ APPROXIMATION METHOD 251
SIMULATION RESULTS 252
REFERENCES 253
Chapter 38. MAP DETECTION AND ESTIMATION OF SEISMIC REFLECTION COEFFICIENTS 254
I. INTRODUCTION 254
REFERENCES 258
Chapter 39. AN ADAPTIVE PATTERN RECOGNITION SCHEME WITH APPLICATION IN MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS 262
INTRODUCTION 262
PATTERN RECOGNITION IN MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS 262
A MULTISTAGE DECISION MAKING MODEL 263
LEARNING THE PROBABILITY THRESHOLD 264
CONCLUSION 264
REFERENCES 265
Chapter 40. D-STEP AHEAD PREDICTION IN LATTICE ANDLADDER FORM 268
I. INTRODUCTION 268
II. THE BASIC LATTICE STRUCTURE 268
III. THE D-STEP AHEAD PREDICTOR IN LATTICE AND LADDER FORM 270
IV. THE RECURSIVE LEAST-SQUARES D-STEP LADDER FILTER 271
V. THE D-STEP AHEAD PREDICTOR. 274
VI. CONCLUSION. 275
REFERENCES. 275
Chapter 41. ON LINEAR SHIFT-VARIANT DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING 276
INTRODUCTION 276
AN OVERVIEW 277
CONCLUSION 280
REFERENCES 280
MULTIRATE DIGITAL FILTERING 282
I. Introduction 282
II. Decomposition of a low-pass FIR filter 283
Ill. The half-band FIR filter 284
IV. FILTER DECOMPOSITION WITH HALF-BAND FIR FILTERS 285
V. The polyphase network 286
VI. DFT and Polyphase Network for multirate filter banks. 288
VII. Conclusion 288
REFERENCES : 289
Chapter 42. EFFICIENTLY REALIZABLE DIGITAL FILTER TRANSFER FUNCTIONS 290
INTRODUCTION 290
ANALYTIC METHODS FOR AMPLITUDE AND PHASE APPROXIMATIONS 291
FILTER WITH SPECIFIED AMPLITUDE PERFORMANCE 293
FILTERS WITH SPECIFIED AMPLITUDE AND GROUP DELAY PERFORMANCES 294
REFERENCES 295
Chapter 43. LINEAR COMPENSATOR DESIGN WITH BLOCK PROCESSING CONSTRAINTS 296
INTRODUCTION 296
DIFFERENCE EQUATION REALIZATIO 298
BLOCKING A STATE FEEDBACK LAW AND BLOCKED OBSERVERS 299
CONCLUSION 301
REFERENCES 301
Chapter 44. DESIGN OF DIGITAL FILTER SUITABLE FOR MICROPROCESSOR IMPLEMENTATION 304
I. INTRODUCTION 304
II. SHIFTING OF POLES AND ZEROS 304
III. TRANSFER FUNCTIONS WITHOUT MULTIPLIER 306
IV. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE 307
V. CONCLUSION 309
REFERENCES 309
Chapter 45. ON LINE OPTIMIZATION WITH A TEAM OF LEARNING AUTOMATA 310
INTRODUCTION 310
COOPERATIVE GAME OF AUTOMATA 311
UPDATING ALGORITHM FOR COOPERATIVE GAME 312
MAIN RESULT 312
SIMULATION 314
CONCLUSION 314
REFERENCES 315
Chapter 46. CLASSIFICATION OF IMAGES USING FEATURES DERIVED FROM RANDOM FIELD MODELS 316
I. INTRODUCTION 316
II. THE MODEL AND THE LOSSLESS FEATURE SET 317
III. OPTIMAL CLASSIFICATION RULE 318
IV. Conclusion 319
References 319
Chapter 47. DIGITAL MATCHING OF SIMILAR AND DISSIMILAR DIGITAL IMAGES 322
INTRODUCTION 322
SUMMARY OF STUDY AND CONCLUSIONS 322
REGISTRATION 324
CONCLUDING REMARKS 325
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 325
REFERENCES 325
Chapter 48. MEASUREMENT OF CLUSTERING TENDENCY* 328
INTRODUCTION 328
DISTANCE METHODS 329
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 329
HARDCORE MODEL RESULTS 329
CLUSTERED DATA 329
SPATIAL POINT PROCESSES 330
HARDCORE PROCESS 330
POISSON PROCESS 330
CLUSTERED PROCESS 330
CONCLUSIONS AND DISCUSSION 331
REFERENCES 331
Chapter 49. ON THE LIE ALGEBRA OF THE IDENTIFICATION PROBLEM 334
PRELIMINARIES 334
CURRENT ALGEBRAS AND THE LIE ALGEBRA G 335
THE INTEGRATION PROBLEM FOR 6 338
SUFFICIENT STATISTICS 340
FINAL REMARKS 340
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 340
REFERENCES 340
Chapter 50.UNIVARIATE AND MULTIVARIATE TECHNIQUES FOR SHORT-TERM LOAD FORECASTING 342
INTRODUCTION 342
UNIVARIATE LOAD MODELLING 342
MULTIVARIATE LOAD MODELLING 343
ANALYSIS OF LOAD DATA 344
CONCLUSIONS 345
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 345
REFERENCES 346
Chapter 51. ON THE IDENTIFICATION OF NONLINEAR SYSTEMS 348
INTRODUCTION 348
THE METHOD 348
SIMULATION STUDIES 350
DISCUSSION 350
REFERENCES 350
Chapter 52. PRACTICAL EXPERIENCES OF SYSTEM IDENTIFICATION TECHNIQUES1 352
INTRODUCTION 352
ECONOMIC AND BUSINESS MODELLING 355
CONCLUSIONS 359
REFERENCES 359
Chapter 53. TESTS FOR DETERMINING THE ORDER OF CANONICAL MODELS OF MULTIVARIABLE SYSTEMS 368
INTRODUCTION 368
MODELS FOR MIMO SYSTEMS 368
A PRIORI DETERMINATION OF THE ORDERS 369
DETERMINATION METHODS ANALYSING THE OUTPUT SIGNAL ESTIMATION 370
THE POLYNOMIAL TEST 371
COMPARISON OF THE ORDER DETERMINATION TESTS 371
CAPABILITY OF THE POLYNOMIAL TEST 373
CONCLUSIONS 373
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 374
REFERENCES 374
Chapter 54. RECURSIVE IDENTIFICATION OF THE PARAMETERS OF LINEAR MULTI VARIABLE SYSTEMS 376
INTRODUCTION 376
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM 376
PARAMETER EVALUATION 378
STRUCTURE DETERMINATION 378
SIMULATION RESULT ON PARAMETER IDENTIFICATION 378
CONCLUSION 379
REFERENCES 379
Chapter 55. APPLICATION OF LINEAR SYSTEM IDENTIFICATION IN CONSTRUCTION OF ADAPTIVE OBSERVER AND ADAPTIVE STATE ESTIMATOR 382
INTRODUCTION 382
ADAPTIVE OBSERVER AND STATE ESTIMATOR 382
CONCLUSION 384
APPENDIX - A 384
APPHSIDIX B 385
REFERENCES 386
Chapter 56. ON THE IDENTIFICATION OF BILINEAR SYSTEMS FROM OPERATING RECORDS 388
INTRODUCTION 388
BILINEAR SYSTEM WITH GAUSSIAN WHITE NOISE 389
BILINEAR SYSTEM WITH GAUSSIAN STATIONARY TIMWE SERIES AS EXTERNAL NOISE 390
CONCLUSION 391
NUMERICAL ILLUSTRATIONS 391
REFERENCES 392
Chapter 57. DIGITAL IDENTIFICATION OF CONTINUOUS-TIME SYSTEM PARAMETERS 394
1. INTRODUCTION 394
2. STATE DIRECTLY MEASURABLE 394
3. STATE NOT DIRECTLY MEASURABLE 395
4. CONCLUSION 397
REFERENCES 397
Chapter 58. TRANSFER FUNCTION-NOISE MODELLING FOR RUN-OF-THE-RIVER HYDROPOWER OPERATIONS 400
INTRODUCTION 400
PHYSICAL SETTING 400
AUTOREGRESSIVE-MOVING AVERAGE MODEL 401
SAMPLE DATA 401
MODEL CONSTRUCTION 401
TRANSFER FUNCTION-NOISE MODEL 402
APPLICATIONS 403
CONCLUSION 404
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 404
REFERENCES 404
Chapter 59. APPROXIMATE IDENTIFICATION OF THE AORTIC PRESSURE TRANSFER 406
INTRODUCTION 406
EXPERIMENTAL METHOD 406
IDENTIFICATION METHOD 407
CONCLUSIONS 407
REFERENCES 407
Chapter 60. A SIMPLE ESTIMATION METHOD FOR DISPERSIONAL IDENTIFICATION OF NONLINEAR DYNAMIC SYSTEMS 408
INTRODUCTION 408
NEW ESTIMATION METHOD FOR REGRESSION AND CROSS DISPERSION FUNCTIONS 408
CONCLUSION 409
REFERENCES 410
Chapter 61. STATISTICAL (DISPERSIONAL) IDENTIFICATION OF HAMMERSTEIN SYSTEMS WITH WEAKLY CORRELATED INPUT PROCESS 412
INTRODUCTION 412
THE DISPERSIONAL IDENTIFICATION MODEL OF HAMMERSTEIN SYSTEMS WITH "WHITE" NOISE INPUT PROCESS. 412
CONCLUSION 414
REFERENCES 414
Chapter 62. IDENTIFICATION OF DYNAMIC EQUIVALENTS FOR LARGE POWER SYSTEMS 416
INTRODUCTION 416
PROBLEM FORMULATION 416
SIMULATION RESULTS 417
THE IDENTIFICATION PROCEDURE 417
CONCLUDING REMARKS 418
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 418
REFERENCES 418
Chapter 63. FUZZY INFORMATION AND DECISION PROCESSES 422
POSSIBILITY THEORY 422
FUZZY SETS IN DECISION MAKING PROCESSES 423
FUZZY SET THEORY 423
BIBLIOGRAPHY 424
Chapter 64. PROCESSING VAGUE QUERIES IN MAN-MACHINE SYSTEMS: A FUZZY SET APPROACH 426
INTRODUCTION 426
REPRESENTATION OF FUZZY NUMERICAL SPECIFICATIONS 427
A BODY OF OPERATIORS FOR AGGREGATION OF FUZZY DESCRIPTORS 427
IDENTIFICATION OF AGGREGATION OPERATORS 428
MODELLING THE FUZZY QUERY 428
SUMARY OF THE PROCEDURE 429
CONCLUSION 429
REFERENCES 429
Chapter 65. SEPARATION AND INFORMATION IN THE SETTING OF FUZZY SETS 430
INTRODUCTION 430
SEPARATING POWER IN E. 430
II - IMPLICATION 433
CONCLUSION 435
REFERENCES 435
Chapter 66.FUZZY SET TECHNIQUES IN DECISION MAKING 436
INTRODUCTION 436
DECISION MAKING PROCESS 437
FUZZY MULTICRITERIA MODEL 438
CONFLICT ANALYSIS 443
CONCLUSIONS 443
REFERENCES 444
Chapter 67. WHAT DOES "CONVERGENCE" MEAN FOR FUZZY NUMBERS? 446
I N T R O D U C T I O N 446
EQUALITY OF FUZZY NUMBERS 446
COVERGENCE 448
APPLICATION TO FUZZY SYSTEMS 449
C O N C L U S I O N 450
R E F E R E N C E S 450
Chapter 68. APPLICATION OF FUZZY SET FOR RECOGNITION OF HANDWRITTEN ENGLISH CHARACTERS 452
INTRODUCTION 452
FEATURE EXTRACTION 452
FUZZY SIMILARITY FUNCTION 453
CHARACTER GENERATION 454
CLASSIFICATION 454
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION 455
REFERENCES 456
Chapter 69. ON IDENTIFICATION OF FUZZY SYSTEMS UNDERTHE EXISTENCE OF VAGUENESS 458
INTRODUCTION 458
SUMMARY OF PROBABILISTIC SETS 458
MATHEMATICAL MODEL OFA FUZZY SYSTEM 459
ANALYSIS OF THE MODEL 459
A NUMERICAL EXAMPLE 460
CONCLUSION 461
REFERENCES 461
Chapter 70. AN APPLICATION OF FUZZY INTEGRAL TO MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS 462
1. INTRODUCTION 462
2. MATHEMATICAL PRELIMINARIES 462
3. MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS 464
4. CONCLUSION 465
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 466
REFERENCES 466
Chapter 71. FUZZY INFORMATION AND CONSTRUCTION OF QUESTIONNAIRES 468
QUESTIONS AND FUZZY PARTITIONS 468
SEQUENCE OF QUESTIONS 469
GRANULAR QUESTIONS. 470
CONCLUSION. 471
REFERENCES 471
Chapter 72.FUZZY PRETOPOLOGICAL STRUCTURES AND FORMATION OF COALITIONS 472
BIBLI0GRAPHY 475
Chapter 73. OBSERVERS FOR INTERCONNECTED SYSTEMS 478
1. INTRODUCTION 478
2. PROBLEM FORMULATION 478
3. UNKNOWN-INPUT OBSERVER 479
4. MAIN RESULT 480
5. CONCLUSIONS 482
6. REFERENCES 482
Chapter 74. SENSITIVITY-REDUCED DESIGN OF LINEAR REGULATORS USING LOWER ORDER MODEL 484
INTRODUCTION 484
SENSITIVITY -REDUCTION USING LOWER ORDER MODEL 484
EXAMPLE 486
CONCLUSION 487
REFERENCES 487
APPENDIX 487
Chapter 75. MODEL SIMPLIFICATION-AN OVERVIEW 492
INTRODUCTION 492
BASIC APPROACHES TO MODEL SIMPLIFICATION 492
CERTAIN UNIFYING CONCEPTS 495
CONTROL DESIGN USING SIMPLIFIED MODELS 497
TRENDS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH 498
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS, 499
REFERENCES 499
Chapter 76. MODEL SIMPLIFICATION AND DIGITAL DESIGN OF MULTIVARIABLE SAMPLED-DATA CONTROL SYSTEMS VIA A DOMINANT-DATA MATCHING METHOD 502
INTRODUCTION 502
DERIVATION 502
CONCLUSION 505
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 506
REFERENCES 505
Chapter 77. ON THE CHOICE OF AGGREGATED MODELS FOR ANALYSIS AND CONTROL 508
INTRODUCTION 508
AGGREGATION PRINCIPLES 508
MODAL ANALYSIS FOR AGGREGATION 509
CONTROL OF LARGE SYSTEM BY AGGREGATION 510
CONCLUSION 512
REFERENCES 512
Chapter 78. MEASURING STATE VARIABLE PARTICIPATION FOR SELECTIVE MODAL ANALYSIS1 514
INTRODUCTION 514
SIGNIFICANT PARTICIPATION IN SELECTED MODES 514
PARTICIPATION FACTORS AND PARTICIPATION RATIOS 516
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 518
REFERENCES 518
Chapter 79. REDUCTION OF HIGH-ORDER SYSTEMS WITH APPLICATION TO COMPENSATOR-DESIGN 520
INTRODUCTION 520
METHODS OF REDUCTION 520
EXAMPLE 521
CONCLUSIONS 522
REFERENCES 523
APPENDIX 1 523
APPENDIX 2 524
Chapter 80. IMPROVEMENTS OF PADE APPROXIMATION TECHNIQUE IN MODEL ORDER REDUCTION 526
LOW ORDER PADE APPROXIMANTS WITH DETERMINISTIC TIME - LAG 526
EXAMPLE I 527
PADE APPROXIMATION ABOUT A GENERAL POINT 528
EXAMPLE II 528
CONCLUSIONS 529
REFERENCES 529
Chapter 81. REDUCED ORDER MODELS FOR ESTIMATION AND CONTROL 532
INTRODUCTION 532
REDUCED ORDER SIGNAL FILTERING AND STATE ESTIMATION 532
REDUCED ORDER MODEL FOR PARTIAL STATE FEEDBACK CONTROL 533
CONCLUSION 535
REFERENCES 535
Chapter 82. ON A CLASS OF MOMENT MATCHING APPROXIMANTS 536
INTRODUCTION 536
REDUCTION BY MINIMAL PARTIAL REALIZARION 536
REDUCTION BY NONMINIMAL PARTIAL REALIZATION 536
ASSIGNING THE CHARACTERISTIC POLYNOMIAL 537
EXAMPLE 537
SPECIAL CASES 537
REFERENCES 538
Chapter 83. CONTROL SYSTEM DESIGN FOR FURNACE BY USING CAD 540
INTRODUCTION 540
DESCRIPTION OF CAD 540
MULTIVARIABLE CONTROLLER FOR FURNACE 543
CONCLUSION 545
REFERENCES 545
Chapter 84. LAKE ECOSYSTEM MODELLING: A CASE STUDYOF LAKE NASSER IN EGYPT 546
INTRODUCTION 546
MODEL DEVELOPMENT 546
THE PHYTOPLANKTON SIMULATION MODEL(PSM) 547
MODEL APPLICATION 549
CONCLUSION 549
REFERENCES 549
Chapter 85. A DIGITAL CONTROL MODEL FOR PEST MANAGEMENT 554
INTRODUCTION 554
POPULATION MODEL 555
CONTEOL PROBLEM 556
EXAMPLE 556
THRESHOLD CONTROL STRATEGY 556
CONCLUSION 557
REFERENCES 558
Chapter 86. ANALYSIS OF SOCIAL PREFERENCE 560
INTRODUCTION 560
TREATMENT OF SATISFACTION INDICES 560
METHODOLOGY - CCA AND PCAR - 561
CONSIDERATION OF DIFFERENCE IN SAMPLE SIZE 561
RESULTS OF THE ANALYSIS 561
CONCLUSION 562
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 562
REFERENCES 562
Chapter 87. A GLOBAL MODELLING CONSTRUCT FOR NATIONAL SOCIOECONOMIC PLANNING 566
INTRODUCTION 566
MATERIAL ENERGY CHACTERISTICS OF ECOSYSTEM COMPONENTS 567
PROTOTYPE HUMAN LIFE SUPPORT SYSTEM 568
DEVELOPMENTAL DYNAMICS OF SOCIAL ASPECTS OF HUMAN SECTOR 570
MANAGEMENT SUBSYSTEM 570
CONCLUSION 571
DEDICATION 571
REFERENCES 571
Chapter 88. THE SPATIAL STRUCTURE OF RURAL ENERGY SYSTEMS IN THE THIRD WORLD 572
INTRODUCTION 572
DEMAND FACTORS 573
PRODUCTION FACTORS 573
SUPPLY FACTORS 574
INTEGRATION: A GENERAL SCHEME OF DEMAND, PRODUCTION AND SUPPLY 576
CONCLUSION 576
REFERENCES 576
Chapter 89. RECENT EXPERIENCE WITH LARGE SCALE URBAN DEVELOPMENT MODELS 578
URBAN SPATIAL PLANNING 578
URBAN MODELS 579
A GEOMETRIC INTERPRETATION OF SPATIAL INTERACTION 581
A CONTINGENCY TABLE PERSPECTIVE 581
ESTIMATING STRUCTURAL CHANGE 582
SELF ORGANIZING SYSTEMS 582
CONCLUDING REMARKS 583
REFERENCES 583
Chapter 90. COMPUTER SIMULATION OF SOCIOCYBERNETIC SYSTEMS 586
Chapter 91. MODELLING OF A RURAL HEALTH SYSTEM 590
INTRODUCTION 590
HEALTH PROGRAMME MODEL 590
SYSTEM EQUATIONS 590
COLLECTION OF DATA AND ANALYSIS 592
REFERENCES 589
MODELSIMULATION 592
CONCLUSION 592
REFERENCES 592
Chapter 92. EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS OF THE WATER POWERED BOATS-ON THE WATER POWERED FERRYBOAT AND THE PADDLE WHEEL CLIMBER 596
INTRODUCTION 596
WATER POWERED FERRYBOAT 596
PADDLE WHEEL CLIMBER 598
CONCLUSIONS 599
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 599
REFERENCES 599
Chapter 93. OPTIMAL AND SECURE SHORT-TERM THERMAL UNIT COMMITMENT 602
INTRODUCTION 602
SCHEDULING METHOD 602
CONCLUSION 605
REFERENCES 605
Chapter 94. LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS OF MULTITERMINAL HVDC/AC SYSTEMS 608
INTRODUCTION 608
DC SYSTEM REPRESENTATION 608
METHOD OF SOLUTION 609
COMBINED AC/DC LOAD FLOW SOLUTION 610
TEST EXAMPLES 610
CONCLUSION 612
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 612
PRINCIPAL SYMBOLS 612
REFERENCES 612
Chapter 95. AN E-COUPLED FAST LOAD FLOW METHOD 614
INTRODUCTION 614
COMPARISON OF ECLF AND BSM METHODS OF LOAD FLOU 615
A MODIFIED ITERATION SCHEME 615
THE PROPOSED METHOD 616
SOLUTION ALGORITHM 617
SYSTEM STUDIES 617
MEMORY AND TIME REQUIREMENTS 618
CONCLUSIONS 619
REFERENCES 619
Chapter 96. DESIGN OF A DECENTRALIZED LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROLLER USING OUTPUT FEEDBACK 620
INTRODUCTION 620
DECENTRALIZED PROBLEM FORM ULATION AND SOLUTION 621
APPLICATION TO 2-AREA POWER SYSTEM 621
CONCLUSION 622
REFERENCES 623
APPENDIX 623
chapter 97. A NEW DECOUPLED MODEL FOR STATE ESTIMATION OF POWER SYSTEMS 626
INTRODUCTION 626
NEW DECOUPLED MODELS 627
ALGORITHMS FOR STATE ESTIMATION 628
RESULTS 629
CONCLUSIONS 631
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 631
REFERENCES 631
Chapter 98. OPTIMIZATION OF THE CAPACITIES OF AN ELECTRICAL TRANSMISSION NETWORK 632
1. INTRODUCTION 632
2. MATHEMATICAL MODEL AND OPTIMIZATION PROBLEM 632
3. THE CONTINUOUS VALUES CASE 634
4. THE INTEGER VALUES CASE 635
5. NUMERICAL RESULTS 637
CONCLUSION 637
REFERENCES 638
Chapter 99. LFC USING A PERTURBATIONAL APPROACH FOR A TWO-AREA POWER SYSTEM WITH DETAILED MODELLING 640
INTRODUCTION 640
THEORY 640
APPLICATION TO TUO-AREA LFC PROBLEM 641
RESULTSAND DISCUSSION 642
CONCLUSIONS 642
REFERENCES 643
Chapter 100. AN IMPROVED METHOD OF DIGITAL LOAD FLOW FOR ON-LINE SECURITY ASSESSMENT 646
INTRODUCTION 646
DEVELOPMENT OF LOAD FLOW FORMULATION 646
FDLP 647
ITERATIVE SCHEME 649
SYSTEM STUDIES AND COMPARISON 649
CONTINGENCY EVALUATION 650
CONCLUSIONS 651
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 651
REFERENCES 651
Chapter 101. APPLICATION OF DIGITAL PROCESSING OF HEART SOUNDS TO HEART VALVE MODELLING 652
INTRODUCTION 652
LINEAR PREDICTION CODING 652
POLE ENHANCEMENT 653
DATA AQUISITION AND PROCESSING 653
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 653
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 653
REFERENCES 654
Chapter 102. LIMIT CYCLES IN COUPLED BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS 656
INTRODUCTION 656
ANALYTICAL APPROACH 656
APPLICATIONS 658
CONCLUSIONS 659
REFERENCES 659
Chapter 103. PARTITIONING OF COMPARTMENTAL MODELS IN BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS 662
INTRODUCTION 662
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM 662
LINEAR - NONLINEAR PARTITIONING 663
STIFF - NONSTIFF PARTITIONING 664
ALGEBRAIC - DIFFERENTIAL PARTITIONING 664
AUTOMATIC PARTITIONING 664
CONCLUDING REMARKS 665
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 665
REFERENCES 665
Chapter 104. AUTOMATED CLASSIFICATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF LIVER DYSFUNCTION USING A NEW CLASS OF SHAPE DESCRIPTORS 666
INTRODUCTION 666
DERIVATION OF SHAPE DESCRIPTORS 667
DESCRIPTION, IDENTIFICATION AND CLASSIFICATION OF THE UPTAKEEXCRETION CURVES 669
CONCLUSION 670
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 670
REFERENCES 670
Chapter 105. DIGITAL PROCESSING OF BIOLOGICAL SIGNALS 672
INTRODUCTION 672
WHAT ARE WE TRYING TO DO? 673
WHAT PROCESSING IS APPROPRIATE? 676
CONCLUSIONS 678
REFERENCES 678
Chapter 106. MODEL CORRECTING ATTITUDE AND POSITION ESTIMATION FILTERS 680
INTRODUCTION 680
BASIC RELATIONS 680
DESCRIPTION OF THE FILTER 682
ERROR MODEL 682
CONSIDERATIONS CONCERNING BASIC FILTER 683
OTHER FILTER CONFIGURATIONS 684
DISCRETIZATION OF FILTER 684
CONCLUSIONS 685
REFERENCES 685
Chapter 107. INTEGRATED ATTITUDE CONTROL OF A SATELLITE USING A MICROPROCESSOR 688
INTRODUCTION 688
PROBLEM FORMULATION 688
THE OPTIMAL FUEL SOLUTION 689
SUBOPTIMAL MINIMUM FUEL CONTROLLER 690
MICROPROCESSOR IMPLEMENTATION 692
CONCLUSION 693
REFERENCES 693
Chapter 108. SPACECRAFT DIGITAL ATTITUDE CONTROL WITH AUTOMATIC RECONFIGURATION AND REMOTEPROGRAMMABILITY 694
INTRODUCTION 694
ASTYTSITTEMUD E AND ORBIT CONTROL 695
AUTOMATIC FUNCTIONAL RECONFIGURATION 695
CONCLUSION 698
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 698
Chapter 109. ESTIMATION OF THE ORBITAL STATES OF A SATELLITE USING THE MULTIVARIATE TIME SERIES METHOD 700
INTRODUCTION 700
MULTIVARIATE TIME SERIES MODEL 701
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKS 703
FORECASTING 703
CONCLUSIONS 704
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 704
REFERENCES 704