Computers and Languages (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Computers and Languages: Theory and Practice 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 12
PREFACE 6
PART I: INTRODUCTORY BACKGROUND 16
Chapter 1. The Birth Of The Computers 18
1.1 On Docile Slaves And Mechanical Languages 18
1.2 The Early Computers 26
1.3 Literature 43
Chapter 2. The Birth Of The Programming Languages 46
2.1 The Mathematical Background 46
2.2 From Code To Language 54
2.3 Language Analysis And Code Synthesis 62
2.4 Literature 67
Chapter 3. Towards Intelligent Applications 70
3.1 General Applications 70
3.2 Turing's Machine Exercises 79
3.3 Machine Translation 84
3.4 Literature 89
Chapter 4. Topics Of Artificial Intelligence 92
4.1 Artificial Intelligence Science 92
4.2 Perceptual And Cognitive Processes 97
4.3 Expert Systems 105
4.4 Speech, Language, And Linguistics 110
4.5 Literature 113
PART II: MILITARY BACKGROUND 118
Chapter 5. The Military Impact 120
5.1 The Impact Of The Cold War 120
5.2 The Demand For Micro-Electronics 125
5.3 Computers And Missiles 128
5.4 Command, Control, And Communications 134
5.5 Literature 144
Chapter 6. Computer Controlled War And Peace 146
6.1 Introduction 146
6.2 Computers And Space 147
6.3 Artificial Intelligence And Future Warfare 155
6.4 Hardware And Software Development 160
6.5 Literature 168
PART III: VIEWPOINTS OF LANGUAGE 170
Chapter 7. Generative 
172 
7.1 Generative Grammar 172
7.2 Transformational Grammar 187
7.3 Competence And Human Parsing 197
7.4 Literature 211
Chapter 8. BNF Programming, Analyzing, And Compiling 216
8.1 BNF versus Phrase Structure Grammars 216
8.2 The Insufficiency Of Context-Free Grammars 225
8.3 The Compiler Production Milieux 242
8.4 Literature 248
Chapter 9. Formal Languages And Parsing Methods 254
9.1 Towards A Theory Of Parsing 254
9.2 General Context-Free Parsing 274
9.3 Deterministic Parsing Strategies 283
9.4 Literature 309
PART IV: FROM LANGUAGE TOWARDS INTELLIGENCE 314
Chapter 10. Towards Natural Language Understanding 316
10.1 The Impact Of ALPAC 316
10.2 Topics Of Natural Language Processing 332
10.3 Problems In Language Understanding 340
10.4 Modeling Language Understanding 352
10.5 Literature 354
Chapter 11. Natural Language And Artificial Intelligence 358
11.1 Language And Knowledge Levels 358
11.2 Augmented Transition Networks 363
11.3 From Semantic Roles To Semantic Primitives 376
11.4 Conceptual Case Frame Representation 381
11.5 Conceptual Inferences And Meaning 395
11.6 Knowledge Representation Issues 409
11.7 Literature 425
Chapter 12. Language: From Theory To Practice 430
12.1 Introduction 430
12.2 Natural Language Interface Construction 431
12.3 Machine Translation After ALPAC 439
12.4 Fifth Generation And Natural Language 445
12.5 Language Processing And The Military 448
12.6 Literature 457
PART V: A MILITARY-INDUSTRIAL-ACADEMIC COMPLEX? 462
Chapter 13. University Research And The Military 464
13.1 Introduction 464
13.2 Collaboration With The Military 465
13.3 Militarily Sensitive Research 468
13.4 Scientists And Controversial Projects 472
13.5 Computer Professionals And Responsibility 479
13.6 Literature 483
Name Index 488