Communication 2000 (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Communication 2000 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 6
Part 1: HUMAN COMMUNICATION 16
Chapter 1. The essence of human communication 18
1.1 INTRODUCTION 18
1.2 TYPES OF HUMAN COMMUNICATION 19
1.3 THE ELEMENTS OF THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS 21
1.4 LANGUAGE AS COMMUNICATION MEDIUM 22
1.5 NON-VERBAL AND VERBAL COMMUNICATION 22
1.6 VISUAL AND ORAL COMMUNICATION 34
Chapter 2. Technical communication 35
2.1 THE ESSENCE OF TECHNICAL COMMUNICATION 35
2.2 THE AIM OF TECHNICAL COMMUNICATION 36
2.3 THE TECHNICAL MESSAGE 37
2.4 COMMUNICATION PHASES 43
2.5 ENUMERATION 44
2.6 ANALYSIS 46
2.7 COMMUNICATION DEVELOPMENT FORMS 47
2.8 SUPPORTING FORMS OF COMMUNICATION 52
Part 2: COMMUNICATION MODELS AND AIDS 60
Chapter 1. Models 62
1.1 INTRODUCTION 62
1.2 PERSUASION AND CONVINCING 63
1.3 THE HOVLAND COMMUNICATION MODEL 63
1.4 THE A-B-C OR NEWCOMB MODEL 64
1.5 THE SHANNON-WEAVER MODEL 64
1.6 COLLINS AND GUETZKOW'S GROUP COMMUNICATION MODEL 65
1.7 THE THAYER MODEL 65
1.8 THE WESTLEY-MACLEAN MODEL 66
1.9 THE BARNLUND MODEL (D.C. BARNLUND 66
1.10 PRAKKE'S FUNCTIONAL MODEL 66
1.11 THE TUBBS AND MOSS MODEL 67
1.12 THE BERLO MODEL 69
1.13 MALETZKE'S MASS COMMUNICATION MODEL 69
1.14 VAN SCHOOR'S ANALYTICAL MODEL 70
1.15 THE SCHRAMM AND OSGOOD MODELS 71
1.16 SUMMARY 71
Chapter 2. Structures 72
2.1 THE INFORMAL STRUCTURE 72
2.2 THE FORMAL STRUCTURE 73
Chapter 3. Non-verbal management communication aids 76
3.1 INTRODUCTION 76
3.2 AIDS 76
Part 3: THE LANGUAGE STRUCTURE AND COMMUNICATION BARRIERS 96
Chapter 1. Style 98
1.1 TECHNICAL AND BUSINESS LANGUAGE 98
1.2 CLARITY 98
1.3 SIMPLICITY 99
1.4 NATURALNESS AND SPONTANEITY 99
1.5 PURPOSEFULNESS AND APPROPRIATENESS 100
1.6 LANGUAGE LEVEL 100
1.7 CONCISENESS 100
1.8 CONCRETENESS 103
1.9 COMPLETENESS 103
1.10 CONSIDERATENESS 104
1.11 COHERENCE 105
1.12 OTHER COMMUNICATION OBSTACLES 107
1.13 ORIGINALITY 109
1.14 CREATION OF IMAGES (IMAGERY) 109
Chapter 2. Intonation and stress 110
2.1 ASPECTS OF SPEECH 110
2.2 WORD STRESS 112
Chapter 3. The pronunciation of English 116
3.1 INTRODUCTION 116
3.2 THE FORMATION OF VOWELS 116
3.3 THE DIPHTHONGS 118
3.4 THE TRIPHTHONGS 118
3.5 THE CONSONANTS 119
Chapter 4. Punctuation 124
4.1 INTRODUCTION 124
4.2 THE COMMA 124
4.3 THE FULL STOP (PERIOD) 129
4.4 THE SEMICOLON 129
4.5 THE COLON 130
4.6 THE DASH 131
4.7 PARENTHESES (BRACKETS, DASHES 131
4.8 QUOTATION MARKS (INVERTED COMMAS) 132
4.9 THE ELLIPSIS 133
4.10 THE APOSTROPHE 134
4.11 THE HYPHEN 134
4.12 THE QUESTION MARK 135
4.13 THE EXCLAMATION MARK 136
4.14 THE BRACE 136
4.15 THE VIRGULE 136
4.16 THE X-SIGN 136
4.17 THE < AND >
Chapter 5. The diacritical marks 138
5.1 ACCENTS 138
5.2 DIAERESIS 138
5.3 CEDILLA 138
5.4 THE TILDE 138
5.5 THE CIRCUMFLEX 138
5.6 ASTERISK 138
5.7 CARET 138
Chapter 6. Other signs 139
Chapter 7. Italics 140
Chapter 8. Capitalisation 141
8.1 TYPES OF NOUNS 141
8.2 PROPER NOUNS AND DERIVATIVES 141
8.3 BRAND NAMES 141
8.4 COMPOUND PROPER NOUNS 142
8.5 THE GOVERNMENT 142
8.6 NOUN-NUMBER DESIGNATIONS 142
8.7 AREAS OF SUBJECT-MATTER 142
8.8 COURSE TITLES 142
8.9 OFFICIAL TITLES OF RANK AND PUBLIC OFFICE 143
8.10 WORDS DENOTING FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS 143
8.11 DIRECTION: POINTS OF THE COMPASS 143
8.12 DAYS AND MONTHS 143
8.13 SEASONS 143
8.14 GEOGRAPHICAL TERMS 144
8.15 HISTORICAL EVENTS 144
8.16 ADDITIONAL USES OF CAPITALISATION 144
Chapter 9. Plurals 146
9.1 NOUNS ENDING IN S, X, Z, CH OR SH 146
9.2 ALL OTHER PROPER NOUNS 146
9.3 MOST COMMON NOUNS 146
9.4 COMMON NOUNS ENDING IN Y 146
9.5 THE PLURALS OF PERSONAL NAMES ACCOMPANIED BY TITLES 147
9.6 NOUNS ENDING IN F, FE, OR FF 147
9.7 NOUNS ENDING IN O 147
9.8 VOWEL CHANGE 148
9.9 SOME NOUNS TAKE -REN OR -EN IN THE PLURAL 148
9.10 NOUNS WHICH REMAIN THE SAME 148
9.11 SOME NOUNS ENDING IN S 148
9.12 COMPOUND NOUNS 148
9.13 LETTER, NUMERALS, SYMBOLS AND WORDS 149
9.14 ABBREVIATIONS 149
9.15 CONSTRUCTIONS 149
9.16 NORMAL, SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL NOUNS OF FOREIGN ORIGIN 150
Chapter 10. Possession 151
10.1 SINGULAR NOUNS 151
10.2 PLURAL NOUNS 152
10.3 NOTE THE FOLLOWING 152
10.4 INANIMATE OBJECTS 152
10.5 ORGANISATIONS 153
Chapter 11. Spelling 154
11.1 ONE-SYLLABLE WORDS ENDING IN CONSONANT-VOWEL CONSONANT 154
11.2 TWO-SYLLABLE WORDS ENDING IN CONSONANT-VOWELCONSONANT AND ACCENTED IN THE SECOND SYLLABLE 154
11.3 WORDS ENDING IN A SILENT (MUTE) E PRECEDED BY A CONSONANT 155
11.4 SOFT C 156
11.5 WORDS MADE UP OF A PREFIX AND A ROOT 156
11.6 MNEMONICS 156
11.7 POLYSLLABIC WORDS ENDING IN A SINGLE CONSONANT AND ACCENTED ON THE LAST SYLLABLE 157
Chapter 12. Syllabication (division of words) 158
Chapter 13. Abbreviations 163
13.1 INTRODUCTION 163
13.2 CONTRACTIONS 163
13.3 ORDINARY ABBREVIATIONS 164
13.4 ACRONYMS 164
13.5 THE LETTER-GROUP 164
13.6 PLURALS 165
13.7 PAY ATTENTION TO THE FOLLOWING 165
Chapter 14. Synonyms 167
Chapter 15. Antonyms 168
Chapter 16. Homonyms 169
Chapter 17. Homophones 170
Chapter 18. Paronyms 171
Chapter 19. Translations 172
Chapter 20. Application 181
Part 4: ORAL COMMUNICATION 184
Chapter 1. Introduction 186
1.1 HINTS FOR THE SPEAKER 186
1.2 HINTS FOR THE LISTENER 187
1.3 THE DIALOGUE 188
Chapter 2. The speech or oral delivery 190
2.1 PREPARATION 190
2.2 KNOWLEDGE OF THE TOPIC 190
2.3 ORGANISING THE SUBJECT-MATTER 191
2.4 TYPES OF SPEECHES 192
2.5 AIDS AND DELIVERIES 194
2.6 THE PURPOSE OF THE SPEECH 195
2.7 PRESENTATION OF THE MESSAGE CONTENT 195
Chapter 3. The telephone 196
3.1 INTRODUCTION 196
Chapter 4. Other oral communication forms 199
4.1 THE DEBATE 199
4.2 THE PANEL DISCUSSION (FORUM) 199
4.3 THE SYMPOSIUM 199
4.4 THE LECTURE FORUM 200
4.5 THE CONFERENCE 200
4.6 THE SEMINAR 201
4.7 THE COLLOQUIUM 201
4.8 THE ROUND TABLE 202
4.9 MEETINGS 202
4.10 THE ORAL REPORT 202
4.11 THE INTERVIEW 202
Chapter 5. Application 215
Part 5: WRITTEN COMMUNICATION 216
Chapter 1. Letter writing 218
1.1 INTRODUCTION 218
1.2 BASIC HUMAN NEEDS 219
1.3 LETTER WRITING: HINTS 221
1.4 LETTER WRITING: GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS 222
1.5 THE FUNCTIONS OF LETTER WRITING 227
1.6 TYPES OF LETTERS 227
1.7 METHOD OF PREPARING AND SENDING FORMAL LETTERS 227
1.8 LETTER WRITING: STRUCTURE 228
Chapter 2. Examples of correspondence 245
2.1 PRIVATE PERSON TO AN ORGANISATION 245
2.2 ORGANISATION OR FIRM TO PRIVATE PERSON 246
2.3 ORGANISATION/FIRM TO ORGANISATION/FIRM 247
2.4 EXAMPLES OF PROFESSIONAL CORRESPONDENCE 248
2.5 LETTERS TO THE PRESS 250
2.6 LETTERS OF COMPLAINT 252
2.7 THE LETTER OF APPLICATION 254
2.8 PUBLIC RELATIONS LETTERS 258
2.9 LETTER ANNOUNCING A PRESS CONFERENCE 263
2.10 THE SALES LETTER 263
2.11 COLLECTING MONEY: LETTERS 267
2.12 OFFICIAL LETTERS 270
2.13 CIRCULARS 274
2.14 MEDICAL CORRESPONDENCE 279
2.15 THE QUOTATION 281
2.16 FORMS 288
2.17 THE TESTIMONIAL 289
2.18 THE RÉSUMÉ (CURRICULUM VITAE) 291
2.19 THE COVERING LETTER 294
2.20 THE LETTER OF RESIGNATION 297
2.21 TELEGRAMS AND TELEX MESSAGES 298
2.22 CLASSIFIED ADVERTISEMENTS 299
2.23 INDEXING AND SUMMARY OF CORRESPONDENCE 300
2.24 OFFICIAL LETTERS: HINTS ON METHOD AND PREPARATION 301
2.25 THE FORMAL INVITATION AND REPLY 305
Chapter 3. Applications 306
Chapter 4. The report 308
4.1 INTRODUCTION 308
4.2 DEFINITIONS 308
4.3 THE MEMORANDUM 308
4.4 THE REPORT 311
Chapter 5. Applications 329
Chapter 6. The questionnaire 332
6.1 INTRODUCTION 332
6.2 COMPILATION OF THE QUESTIONNAIRE 332
6.3 REQUIREMENTS 333
6.4 INSTRUCTIONS 333
6.5 FORMULATION OF QUESTIONS 334
6.6 ADVANTAGES OF THE QUESTIONNAIRE 334
6.7 OTHER MATTERS 335
6.8 TYPES OF QUESTIONNAIRES 335
6.9 TYPES OF QUESTIONS 336
6.10 EXAMPLES OF QUESTIONNAIRES 338
Chapter 7. Advertising 342
7.1 INTRODUCTION 342
7.2 THE PURPOSE OF ADVERTISING 342
7.3 THE PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT 343
7.4 TYPES OF ADVERTISING 343
7.5 HINTS FOR WRITING ADVERTISEMENTS 347
7.6 PRESS ADVERTISING 350
7.7 CLASSIFIED ADVERTISEMENTS 350
7.8 PUBLIC ANNOUNCEMENTS 350
7.9 EXAGGERATION IN ADVERTISEMENTS 351
7.10 APPLICATION 352
Chapter 8. The précis 354
8.1 INTRODUCTION 354
8.2 THE PRÉCIS (SUMMARY) 354
8.3 GUIDELINES 354
8.4 APPLICATION 356
Chapter 9. Comprehension 362
9.1 INTRODUCTION 362
9.2 TYPES OF QUESTIONS 363
9.3 APPLICATION 364
Chapter 10. Paraphrasing 373
10.1 INTRODUCTION 373
10.2 HINTS FOR PARAPHRASING 373
10.3 APPLICATIONS 374
Chapter 11. The extended essay (treatise) 376
11.1 INTRODUCTION 376
11.2 HINTS 376
Chapter 12. The essay 379
12.1 INTRODUCTION 379
12.2 HINTS 379
12.3 PLANNING 380
12.4 TYPES OF ESSAYS 383
Chapter 13. Meeting procedure 388
13.1 INTRODUCTION 388
13.2 TWO MAIN TYPES OF MEETINGS 388
13.3 THE PURPOSE OF MEETINGS 391
13.4 THE CONTROL OF MEETINGS 392
13.5 CONSTITUTIONAL REGULATIONS 392
13.6 VOTING 393
13.7 THE FOUNDATION MEETING 394
13.8 NOTICE OF A MEETING 395
13.9 THE AGENDA 395
13.10 THE MINUTES 397
13.11 EFFECTIVE PARTICIPATION IN A MEETING 400
13.12 IMPORTANT TERMS USED AT A MEETING 401
13.13 EXAMPLES OF NOTICES AND AGENDAS 402
13.14 EXAMPLES OF MINUTES 408
13.15 EXPRESSIONS USED IN THE WRITING OF MINUTES 411
13.16 APPLICATION 419
Part 6: RESEARCH 422
Chapter 1. The library 424
1.1 DICTIONARIES 424
1.2 THE LIBRARY: USE 424
Chapter 2. Referencing 428
2.1 FOOTNOTES AND ENDNOTES - BIBLIOGRAPHY FORMAT 428
2.2 THE LIST OF REFERENCE SOURCES 433
2.3 THE HARVARD METHOD 433
2.4 ABBREVIATIONS FREQUENTLY USED IN THE BIBLIOGRAPHY 434
Part 7: GENERAL 436
Chapter 1. Troublesome words 438
Chapter 2. Communication bugs 441
Chaptre 3. Extension of vocabulary: Parts of speech 449
3.1 NOUNS 449
3.2 VERBS 450
3.3 ADJECTIVES 452
3.4 PREPOSITIONS 455
Chapter 4. Vocational terminology 459
4.1 ELECTROTECHNICAL ENGINEERING 459
4.2 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING 462
4.3 CIVIL ENGINEERING 464
4.4 METALLURGY 465
4.5 AERODYNAMICS 466
4.6 MARINE 468
4.7 MOTOR 469
4.8 MATHEMATICS 471
4.9 RADIO AND TELEVISION 473
Chapter 5. Expressions to be used in oral and written communication 476
Chapter 6. Words to remember 482
Chapter 7. Roman numeralsI 491
Chapter 8. Proof-readers, marks 492
Chapter 9. The metric system 497
9.1 METRIC (SI-) UNITS 497
9.2 METRIC (SI-) CALCULATIONS 498
9.3 SI-PREFERENCE PREFIXES 498
Chapter 10. Symbols 499
Chapter 11. Abbreviations 500
11.1 ORDINARY ABBREVIATIONS 500
11.2 LETTER-GROUPS 502
11.3 ACRONYMS (LETTER-WORDS, LETTER-NAMES) 505
11.4 COMMON BUSINESS ABBREVIATIONS 505
11.5 COMMON BANKING ABBREVIATIONS 508
11.6 COMMON MEDICAL ABBREVIATIONS 509
11.7 TECHNICAL ABBREVIATIONS 510
Chapter 12. Troublesome sentences: errors 515
Chapter 13. Examination papers 519
COMMUNICATION (PART A) 519
PART B: COMPREHENSION AND MEETING PROCEDURE 524
PART C: CORRESPONDENCE AND LANGUAGE 526
PASSAGES TO BE READ 528
QUESTIONS 530
GRAMMAR AND LANGUAGE 531
Bibliography 533