Computer-Aided Architectural Design Futures (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Computer-Aided Architectural Design Futures 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 8
Preface 6
Contributors 10
Opening Remarks 12
Part One: Systematic Design 16
Chairman's introduction 17
Chapter 1. Any progress in systematic design? 20
1.1 Introduction 20
1.2 Review of design methods 21
1.3 So what is design? 22
1.4 Models of the design activity 23
1.5 Simulating the design process 25
1.6 Conclusions 28
References 29
Chapter 2. Design methodology: how I understand and develop it 31
2.1 What is'methodology'? 31
2.2 What is the methodological discussion concerned with? 32
2.3 The object of design: problems of apragmatic design methodology 35
2.4 Design process: the elements of pragmatic design methodology 37
2.5 Conclusions: what is still worth knowing? 39
Notes 39
References 41
Chapter 3. Layout design problems: systematic approaches 43
3.1 Introduction 43
3.2 Automatic generation of optimal or quasioptimal building layout 44
3.3 Evaluation of a building layout design 56
3.4 Conclusions 66
References 67
Chapter 4. The profits of CAAD can be increased by an integrated participatory design approach 68
4.1 Introduction 68
4.2 CAAD in practice 68
4.3 Design participation and CAAD 69
4.4 The 'Urbigraph' system 70
4.5 Conclusions 71
References 72
Part Two: Drawing and Visualization 74
Chairman's introduction 76
Chapter 5. Computer graphics and visualization 78
5.1 How do you make an image? 78
5.2 Image synthesis 79
5.3 Recent developments at Cornell University 81
Acknowledgements 84
References 84
Chapter 6. Three-dimensional input and visualization 85
6.1 Introduction 85
6.2 Evolution of an idea 85
6.3 System design 89
6.4 Using the system 93
6.5 Evaluation and future developments 95
6.6 Conclusions 100
Acknowledgements 100
References 100
Chapter 7. 3RM: a spatial relational reference model 102
7.1 Introduction 102
7.2 The origin of 3RM 102
7.3 Objective of the project 104
7.4 Accomplishing the objective 105
7.5 The 3R-model 106
7.6 Results of the prototype phase 3RM 107
Chapter 8. Three-dimensional visualization: a case study 109
8.1 Introduction 109
8.2 Objectives 109
8.3 Case study 110
8.4 Conclusions 117
References 118
Part Three: Artificial Intelligence and Knowledge Engineering 120
Chairman's introduction 121
Chapter 9. An overview of knowledge engineering and its relevance to CAAD 124
9.1 Introduction 124
9.2 Knowledge engineering 124
9.3 Knowledge representation 125
9.4 Prolog 127
9.5 A simple knowledge-based synthesis system 128
9.6 Expert systems 130
9.7 Knowledge-based computer-aided architectural design 133
9.8 Conclusions 135
Acknowledgements 136
References 136
Chapter 10. Requirements for knowledge-based systems in design 137
10.1 Introduction 137
10.2 Design as an information-processing concept 137
10.3 The logic of design 139
10.4 Knowledge organization 139
10.5 The problems of production systems 140
10.6 Meta-rules 142
10.7 IF–THEN–BECAUSE 142
10.8 Conclusions 143
References 143
Chapter 11. Designing with words and pictures in a logic modelling environment 145
11.1 Introduction 145
11.2 Design 147
11.3 Computer-aided design 148
11.4 Questions that need answers 150
11.5 Help from artificial intelligence 154
11.6 Formulating a modelling environment 158
11.7 Conclusions 161
Acknowledgements 162
References 162
Chapter 12. Constraint-bounded design search 163
12.1 The representation of building objects 163
12.2 The frame formalism 165
12.3 Representation of building objects and design process 165
12.4 Prospects 173
References 173
Chapter 13. Representing the structure of design problems 175
13.1 Introduction 175
13.2 Models of problem structure 176
13.3 Relationships in design 178
13.4 The semantics of problem structure 180
13.5 Meta-level systems 185
13.6 Conclusions 185
Notes 186
References 186
Part Four: Implications for Practice 188
Chairman's introduction 190
Chapter 14. CAD in the Netherlands: integrated CAD 193
14.1 Incompetence 195
14.2 Integration 198
14.3 Innovation 199
References 201
Chapter 15. CAAD: Shorter-term gains longer-term costs?
15.1 Introduction 202
15.2 Findings from user experience 203
15.3 End-user view 208
15.4 Transition 212
References 213
Acknowledgement 213
Chapter 16. How can CAD provide for the changing role of the architect? 214
References 216
Chapter 17. A unified model for building 217
Chapter 18. Problems in CAD practice 249
18.1 Cost 249
18.2 Time 250
18.3 Quality 250
Chapter 19. CAD in Polish building 252
Acknowledgements 262
References 262