Handbook of Electromagnetic Compatibility (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Handbook of Electromagnetic Compatibility 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 6
Contributors 12
Preface 14
Acknowledgments 18
PART I: FUNDAMENTALS AND PHYSICS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INTERFERENCE 20
Chapter 1. Units, Symbols, Theorems, Definitions, and Basic Formulas 22
1. Introduction 22
2. Quantities and Units with Symbols 22
3. Multiplying Factors and Symbols 22
4. Coordinate Systems 22
5. Differential Operators 24
6. Theorems 25
7. Radiation of Elementary Dipole 26
8. Selected Mathematical and Electromagnetic Constants 26
9. Electrical Values of Materials 28
10. Conductor Configurations 28
11. Basic Formulas 35
12. Frequency Spectrum Designations and Symbols 36
13. EMC Figure of Merit 37
14. Electrostatic Discharge-Human Body Electrical Characteristics 37
Appendix: Definitions and Terminology 37
References 43
Chapter 2. Electromagnetic Theory and Fundamentals of EMC 44
1. Scope 44
2. Source-Free Media 44
3. Sources 50
4. Transmission Theory 58
5. Waves 62
6. Waveguides 72
References 73
Chapter 3. The Physics of Interference Phenomena 74
1. Scope 74
2. Overview of the Electromagnetic Interference Problem 74
3. Degradation Sources 75
4. Coupling Paths 76
5. Immunity Deficiencies 78
6. Interference Mitigation 79
PART II: ANALYSIS AND PREDICTION FOR EMC 84
Chapter 4. Plane Wave Coupling to Cables 86
1. Introduction 86
2. The Two-Conductor Transmission Line 94
3. The Single-Conductor Line with a Conducting Ground Return 114
4. Transmission Line Networks 128
5. Multiconductor Transmission Lines 130
6. Relationship of Field Coupling to the Antenna Problem 131
References 133
Chapter 5. Crosstalk 136
1. Introduction 136
2. Multiconductor Transmission Line Structures 137
3. The Multiconductor Transmission Line Model 140
4. The Per-Unit-Length Parameters 144
5. General Solution Techniques 150
6. Exact Literal (Symbolic) Solutions for Three-Conductor Lines in Homogeneous Media 162
7. Inductive and Capacitive Coupling 168
8. Crosstalk Reduction Methods 177
Appendix 191
Chapter 6. Radiated and Conducted Emissions 196
1. Introduction 196
2. Radiated Emissions 197
3. Conducted Emissions 208
References 221
Chapter 7. Computational Methods in Electromagnetic Compatibility 222
1. General Introduction 222
2. The Method of Moments in Computational Electromagnetics 230
3. High-Frequency Methods in Computational Electromagnetics 249
4. The Finite-Difference Time Domain in Computational Electromagnetics 266
5. The Finite-Element Method in Computational Electromagnetics 275
6. The Transmission Line Method in Computational Electromagnetics 282
7. Computational Methods at Work: Getting Numbers from Your Models 290
References 312
PART III: METHODS FOR ENSURING EMC 318
Chapter 8. Grounding and Bonding 320
1. Introduction to Bounding 320
2. Preliminaries 325
3. Bonding Path Impedance 334
4. Overall Signal Reference Structures 340
5. Conductive Ground Loops 344
6. Coupled Ground Loops 346
7. E-Field Open-Loop Coupling 347
8. Earthing of Equipment 348
9. Equipment and Signal Grounding 365
10. Real Grounding Configurations 382
References 418
Chapter 9. Electromagnetic Shielding 420
1. Scope 420
2. Shielding Enclosures 420
3. Shielding Enclosure Variations 457
4. Measurement of Enclosure Performance 459
References 460
Chapter 10. Conduction Filters 464
1. Introduction 464
2. Insertion Loss 464
3. S-Plane 465
4. Corner Frequency 465
5. Single-Pole Filter 466
6. Asymptotic Approximations 468
7. Multiple-Pole Networks 472
8. Ferrite Components 480
9. Current Propagation Modes 489
10. Power Filters 498
References 508
PART IV: COMMERCIAL AND MILITARY STANDARDS AND METHODS 510
Chapter 11. International Radio Frequency Emission Control Requirements for Commercial Equipment 512
1. The Rationale for Commercial Radio Frequency Interference Limits 512
2. The CISPR Committees and Publications 515
3. European Community Emission Standards 519
4. German Emission Standards 535
5. U.S. Federal Communications Commission 540
6. The Voluntary EMC Standards in the United States 549
7. The Trend in Emission Specifications 551
References 554
Chapter 12. International Electromagnetic Immunity Requirements for Commercial Equipment 558
1. The Rationale for Electromagnetic Immunity 558
2. The IEC Immunity Specifications 560
3. The European Community Immunity Specifications 565
4. U.S. Immunity Specifications 567
5. National Standards and Summary 569
References 570
Chapter 13. Military EMC Standard and Methods: MIL-STD-461 and MIL-STD-462 572
1. Development of Military Specifications 572
2. The Significant Changes in MIL-STD-461D/462D 573
3. Conducted Emissions 580
4. Radiated Emissions 583
5. Conducted Susceptibility 588
6. Radiated Susceptibility 596
References 601
Chapter 14. Other MIL-Based EMC Standards 602
1. Relationship of MIL-EMC Standards 602
2. System EMC Standards 602
3. NATO EMC Standards 606
4. United Kingdom EMC Standards 607
5. RTCA and EUROCAE EMC Standards 609
6. Automotive EMC Standards 611
7. Other MIL-Based EMC Standards 612
8. Replacement of Military by Commercial Standards 612
References 613
PART V: EMC MEASUREMENTS 616
Chapter 15. Methodology for Electromagnetic Interference Measurements 618
1. Introduction 618
2. Microwave Anechoic Chamber Measurements 618
3. Open-Site Measurements 620
4. Generating Standard EM Fields Using a TEM Cell 629
5. Generating Standard EM Fields Using a Waveguide Chamber 632
6. Electric and Magnetic Field Probes as Transfer Standards 633
7. Future Directions 642
References 643
Chapter 16. Standard Antennas for Electromagnetic Compatibility Measurements 646
1. Introduction 646
2. Performance of Electric Field Transfer Standards 647
3. Performance for Magnetic Field Transfer Standards 658
4. Summary 666
References 667
Chapter 17. EMC Compliance Test Facilities 668
1. Defining EMC Test Facility 668
2. EMC Test Facility Theory and Design 670
3. EMC Test Environment and Measurement Uncertainties 682
4. Using EMC Test Facilities 690
References 698
Chapter 18. Alternative EMC Compliance Test Facilities 700
1. Introduction 700
2. TEM Transmission Line Facilities 701
3. Mode-Stirred Chamber Facilities 715
4. Hybrid TEM-Reverberating Chamber Facilities 726
References 729
PART VI: RADIO SYSTEMS, SPARKS AND PULSES, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, FIBER OPTICS, AND PLASMAS 732
Chapter 19. Principles of Radio Systems and Relevant EMI Environmental Effects, Analysis, and Computation 734
1. Introduction 734
2. Radio Communication System: Block Diagram 736
3. Noise Sources Effects and Analysis 740
4. Characteristics of Radio Propagation Medium and Antennas 754
References 773
Chapter 20. Radio Systems Parameters and Performance Criteria Concerning Computation and Mitigation of EMI Effects 778
1. Introduction 778
2. Modulation and Detection Methods and Their Effects on EMI 779
3. Radio System Performance Concerning EMI 789
4. Mutual EMI Effects Computation and Mitigation Techniques 804
5. Conclusions 818
Appendix 1 820
Appendix 2 821
Appendix 3 823
Appendix 4 824
Abbreviations 824
References 824
Chapter 21. Electrostatic Discharge 830
1. Introduction 830
2. The ESD Event 830
3. ESD Current Waveform and Radiated Fields 833
4. ESD Threat Mechanisms 842
5. Basic ESD Prevention and Control 843
6. ESD Test Program 844
References 847
Chapter 22. Lightning 850
1. Introduction 850
2. Natural Lightning 850
3. Lightning Effects 858
4. Protection Approaches 866
5. Facility Protection Design Considerations 866
6. Aircraft Lightning Protection 877
References 888
Chapter 23. The Nuclear Electromagnetic Pulse 890
1. History and Relevance 890
2. Source and Types 891
3. Properties of High-Altitude EMP 893
4. HEMP Coupling to Long Lines 895
5. Coupling through Apertures 901
6. Protection against HEMP 907
7. HEMP Testing 916
References 919
Chapter 24. Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Fields 922
1. Introduction 922
2. Mechanisms of Interaction 922
3. Induced Fields in Tissues 925
4. Extremely Low and Low Frequency Fields 925
5. Radio and Microwave Frequency Fields 929
6. Safety Standards and Protection Guides 932
References 934
Chapter 25. Fiber Optics for EMC 936
1. Optical Fiber Communications 936
2. Classification and Features of Optical Fibers 937
3. Analysis of Optical Fibers 942
4. Noise in Optical Communication Systems 949
5. EMI in Optical Communication Systems 962
6. Brief Case Study: Fiber Optics in Flight-by-Wire Aircraft 970
References 980
Chapter 26. Plasma Effects in EMC 982
1. Introduction 982
2. Sheaths and Sheath Waves 983
3. Anodization Breakdown in Low Earth Orbit 990
4. Spacecraft Charging and Arc Discharging 992
References 996
PART VII: PRACTICAL PROBLEM SOLVING IN EMC 1000
Chapter 27. Practical Problem Solving in EMC 1002
1. Problem Description 1002
Chapter A. Effect of Interspersed Grounds on Radiated Emissions 1004
Text 1004
Reference 1006
Chapter B. IC System Integration Problems 1008
1. Introduction 1008
2. Digital Switching Noise Injection in Mixed-Signal ASICs 1008
3. Smart Sensor Case History 1015
References 1017
Further Reading 1018
Chapter C. Coupling to a Long Transmission Line 1020
1. Introduction 1020
2. Summary 1025
Chapter D. EMP Protection of a Facility 1026
1. Commercial Power Penetration 1026
2. Communication Cable 1028
Chapter E. A Grounding EMI Case Study 1030
Text 1030
Chapter F. Lack of EMC Design Causes False Alarms at a Nuclear Facility 1036
1. Problem Statement 1036
2. Description of Equipment under Test 1036
3. Criterion of Immunity 1036
4. Initial Immunity Tests 1037
5. RF Hardening of Gamma Ray Detector Assembly 1037
6. Repeat of Immunity Tests 1038
7. Conclusion 1038
Chapter G. Lightning Protection for Combustion Emission System for Fossil-Fueled Power Plant 1040
1. Introduction 1040
2. Overall Layout 1040
3. Probe Heaters and Sample Lines 1041
4. Basic Lightning Effects 1042
5. Specific Problems 1045
6. Basic Protective Recommendations 1046
7. Specific Protection Methods 1049
Chapter H. Near Field from a 900-MHz Cellular Phone 1056
1. MOM74 1056
2. Example 1062
3. MOM74 Code Listing 1064
Author Index 1082
Subject Index 1090