Foundations of Image Understanding

1 Summation.- 1. Beginnings.- 2. Bibliographies, books, surveys, and position papers.- 3. Geometry.- 4. Texture analysis, segmentation, and feature detection.- 5. Other topics.- 2 Digital Geometry — The Birth of a New Discipline.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Three classic papers by A. Rosenfeld and J. L. Pfaltz.- 3. Traditional digital geometry.- 4. Digitized Euclidean geometry.- 5. Approximation of curves.- 6. Approximation of surfaces.- 7. Conclusions.- 3 Digital Topology.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The discrete Jordan curve theorem.- 3. Good pairs of adjacency relations.- 4. Simple points.- 5. Adjacency trees; boundary and border following algorithms.- 6. Concluding remarks.- 4 Fuzzy Mathematics.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Geometry.- 3. Digital topology.- 4. Graph theory.- 5. Algebra.- 5 Picture Languages.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Formal languages for pictorial pattern recognition.- 3. 2D and 3D array grammars and array languages.- 4. Parallel grammars and parallel acceptors.- 5. Web grammars, web automata, and cellular graph automata.- 6. An application of array grammars.- 7. Further topics.- 8. List of Rosenfeld’s works on picture languages.- 6 Parallel Image Processing.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Parallel computers for image processing.- 3. Pixel-level processing.- 4. Region-level processing.- 5. Concluding remarks.- 7 Object Representations.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Unit-size cells.- 3. Blocks.- 4. Arbitrary objects.- 5. Hierarchical representations.- 6. Boundary-based representations.- 7. Concluding remarks.- 8 Texture Classification and Segmentation.- 1. Tribulations.- 2. Triumphs.- 3. Tributes.- 9 Edge Measures Using Similarity Regions.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Related work.- 3. Edges and similarity regions.- 4. SRS-based edge measures.- 5. Preprocessing using clustering.- 6. Discussionand conclusions.- 10 Relaxation Labeling: 25 Years and Still Iterating.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Historical remarks.- 3. Tangent maps and compatibilities for curve inference.- 4. Subtree isomorphism for shape matching.- 5. Polymatrix games.- 6. Summary and conclusions.- 11 From a Robust Hierarchy to a Hierarchy of Robustness.- 1. Inside image pyramids.- 2. Stochastic pyramids and least median of squares.- 3. The vision perspective of robustness.- 4. Instead of conclusions.- 12 A Pyramid Framework for Real-Time Computer Vision.- 1. Introduction.- 2. From human to computer vision.- 3. Pyramid transforms.- 4. Frame-to-frame alignment.- 5. Space/time filters.- 6. Multi-resolution fusion.- 7. Displacement fields.- 8. Attribute maps.- 9. Vision front-end system.- 10. Next steps.- 13 On the Computational Modeling of Human Vision.- 1. Introduction.- 2. One-stage theories.- 3. Multiple processes: Perception of lightness.- 4. Multiple representations: Visual segregation.- 5. Multiple sources of information: Perception of transparency.- 6. Impenetrability.- 7. Summary.- 14 Statistics Explains Geometrical Optical Illusions.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Errors in gray values.- 3. Errors in line elements.- 4. Errors in motion.- 5. The inherent problem.- 6. Discussion and summary.- Appendix: Expected value of the least squares solution.- 15 Optics for OmniStereo Imaging.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Circular projections.- 3. OmniStereo mosaicking.- 4. Curves for OmniStereo optics.- 5. Spiral mirror, I.- 6. Spiral mirror, II.- 7. A spiral lens.- 8. Concluding remarks.- 16 Volumetric Scene Reconstruction from Multiple Views.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Volumetric representations.- 3. Shape from silhouettes.- 4. Shape from photo-consistency.- 5. Voxel visibility using plane-sweep.- 6. Voxel coloring.- 7. Space carving.- 8. Better reconstructions.- 9. Extensions.- 10. Conclusions.