An Introduction to Database Systems

C. J. Date is an independent author, lecturer, researcher, and consultant specializing in relational database systems, a field he helped pioneer. Among other projects, he was involved in technical planning for the IBM products SQL/DS and DB2. He is best known for his books, in particular, An Introduction to Database Systems (7th edition, Addison-Wesley, 2000), the standard text in the field, which has sold well over half a million copies worldwide. Mr. Date is widely acknowledged for his ability to explain complex technical material in a clear and understandable fashion. 0201385902AB04062001

PART I. PRELIMINARIES.

1. An Overview of Database Management.


Introduction.



What is a database system?



What is a database?



Why database?



Data independence.



Relational systems and others.



Summary.



Exercises.



Reference and bibliography.



Answers to selected exercises.

2. Database System Architecture.


Introduction.



The three levels of the architecture.



The external level.



The conceptual level.



The internal level.



Mappings.



The database administrator.



The database management system.



The data communications manager.



Client/server architecture.



Utilities.



Distributed processing.



Summary.



Exercises.



Reference and bibliography.

3. An Introduction to Relational Databases.


Introduction.



An informal look at the relational model.



Relations and relvars.



What relations mean.



Optimization.



The catalog.



Base relvars and views.



Transactions.



The suppliers and parts database.



Summary.



Exercises.



Reference and bibliography.



Answers to selected exercises.

4. An Introduction to Sql.


Introduction.



Overview.



The catalog.



Views.



transactions.



Embedded SQL.



SQL is not perfect.



Summary.



Exercises.



Reference and bibliography.



Answers to selected exercises.

PART II. THE RELATIONAL MODEL.

5. Domains, Relations, and Base Relvars.


Introduction.



Domains.



Relation values.



Relation variables.



SQL facilities.



Summary.



Exercises.



Reference and bibliography.



Answers to selected exercises.

6. Relational Algebra.


Introduction.



Closure revisited.



Syntax.



Semantics.



Examples.



What is the algebra for?



Additional operators.



Grouping and ungrouping.



Relational comparisons.



Summary.



Exercises.



Reference and bibliography.



Answers to selected exercises.

7. Relational Calculus.


Introduction.



Tuple calculus.



Examples.



Calculus vs. algebra.



Computational capabilities.



Domain calculus.



SQL facilities.



Summary.



Exercises.



Reference and bibliography.



Answers to selected exercises.

8. Integrity.


Introduction.



Type constraints.



Attribute constraints.



Relvar constraints.



Database constraints.



The Golden Rule.



State vs. transition constraints.



Keys.



SQL facilities.



Summary.



Exercises.



Reference and bibliography.



Answers to selected exercises.

9. Views.


Introduction.



What are views for?



View retrievals.



' View updates.



Snapshots (a digression).



SQL facilities.



Summary.



Exercises.



Reference and bibliography.



Answers to selected exercises.

PART III. DATABASE DESIGN.

10. Functional Dependencies.


Introduction.



Basic definitions.



Trivial and nontrivial dependencies.



Closure of a set of dependencies.



Closure of a set of attributes.



Irreducible sets of dependencies.



Summary.



Exercises.



Reference and bibliography.



Answers to selected exercises.

11. Further Normalization I: 1nf, 2nf, 3nf, Bcn.


Introduction.



Nonloss decomposition and functional dependencies.



First, second, and third normal forms.



Dependency preservation.



Boyce/Codd normal form.



A note on relation-valued attributes.



Summary.



Exercises.



Reference and bibliography.



Answers to selected exercises.

12. Further Normalization Ii: Higher Normal Forms.


Introduction.



Multi-valued dependencies and fourth normal form.



Join dependencies and fifth normal form.



The normalization procedure summarized.



A note on denormalization.



Orthogonal design (a digression).



Other normal forms.



Summary.



Exercises.



Reference and bibliography.



Answers to selected exercises.

13. Semantic Modeling.


Introduction.



The overall approach.



The E/R model.



E/R diagrams.



Database design with the E/R model.



A brief analysis.



Summary.



Exercises.



Reference and bibliography.

PART IV: TRANSACTION MANAGEMENT.

14. Recovery.


Introduction.



Transactions.



Transaction recovery.



System recovery.



Media recovery.



Two-phase commit.



SQL facilities.



Summary.



Exercises.



Reference and bibliography.



Answers to selected exercises.

15. Concurrency.


Introduction.



Three concurrency problems.



Locking.



The three concurrency problems revisited.



Deadlock.



Serializability.



Isolation levels.



Intent locking.



SQL facilities.



Summary.



Exercises.



Reference and bibliography.



Answers to selected exercises.

PART V. FURTHER TOPICS.

16. Security.


Introduction.



Discretionary access control.



Mandatory access control.



Statistical databases.



Data encryption.



SQL facilities.



Summary.



Exercises.



Reference and bibliography.



Answers to selected exercises.

17. Optimization.


Introduction.



A motivating example.



An overview of query processing.



Expression transformation.



Database statistics.



A divide and conquer strategy.



Implementing the relational operators.



Summary.



Exercises.



Reference and bibliography.



Answers to selected exercises.

18. Missing Information.


Introduction.



An overview of the 3VL approach.



Some consequences of the foregoing scheme.



Nulls and keys.



Outer join (a digression).



Special values.



SQL facilities.



Summary.



Exercises.



Reference and bibliography.



Answers to selected exercises.

19. Type Inheritance.


Introduction.



Type hierarchies.



Polymorphism and substitutability.



Variables and assignments.



Specialization by constraint.



Comparisons.



Operators, versions, and signatures.



Is a circle an ellipse?



Specialization by constraint revisited.



Summary.



Exercises.



Reference and bibliography.



Answers to selected exercises.

20. Distributed Databases.


Introduction.



Some preliminaries.



The twelve objectives.



Problems of distributed systems.



Client/server systems.



DBMS independence.



SQL facilities.



Summary.



Exercises.



Reference and bibliography.

21. Decision Support.


Introduction.



Aspects of decision support.



Database design for decision support.



Data preparation.



Data warehouses and data marts.



Online analytical processing.



Data mining.



Summary.



Exercises.



Reference and bibliography.



Answers to selected exercises.

22. Temporal Databases.


Introduction.



Temporal data.



What is the problem?



Intervals.



Interval types.



Scalar operators on intervals.



Aggregate operators on intervals.



Relational operators involving intervals.



Constraints involving intervals.



Update operators involving intervals.



Database design considerations.



Summary.



Exercises.



Reference and bibliography.



Answers to selected exercises.

23. Logic-Based Databases.


Introduction.



Overview.



Propositional calculus.



Predicate calculus.



A proof-theoretic view of databases.



Deductive database systems.



Recursive query processing.



Summary.



Exercises.



Reference and bibliography.



Answers to selected exercises.

PART VI. OBJECT AND OBJECT/RELATIONAL DATABASES.

24. Object Databases.


Introduction.



Objects, classes, methods, and messages.



A closer look.



A cradle-to-grave example.



Miscellaneous issues.



Summary.



Exercises.



Reference and bibliography.



Answers to selected exercises.

25. Object / Relational Databases.


Introduction.



The First Great Blunder.



The Second Great Blunder.



Implementation issues.



Benefits of true rapprochement.



Summary.



Reference and bibliography.

Appendixes.
Appendix A: SQL Expressions.


Introduction.



Table expressions.



Conditional expressions.



Scalar expressions.

Appendix B: An Overview of SQl3.


Introduction.



New data types.



Type inheritance.



Reference types.



Subtables and supertables.



Other features.

Appendix C: Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Symbol.
Index.