Implementing Software Defined Radio (eBook)
XVIII, 270 Seiten
Springer New York (Verlag)
978-1-4419-9332-8 (ISBN)
Software Defined Radio makes wireless communications easier, more efficient, and more reliable. This book bridges the gap between academic research and practical implementation. When beginning a project, practicing engineers, technical managers, and graduate students can save countless hours by considering the concepts presented in these pages. The author covers the myriad options and trade-offs available when selecting an appropriate hardware architecture. As demonstrated here, the choice between hardware- and software-centric architecture can mean the difference between meeting an aggressive schedule and bogging down in endless design iterations. Because of the author's experience overseeing dozens of failed and successful developments, he is able to present many real-life examples. Some of the key concepts covered are: Choosing the right architecture for the market - laboratory, military, or commercial, Hardware platforms - FPGAs, GPPs, specialized and hybrid devices, Standardization efforts to ensure interoperability and portabilitym State-of-the-art components for radio frequency, mixed-signal, and baseband processing.
The text requires only minimal knowledge of wireless communications; whenever possible, qualitative arguments are used instead of equations. An appendix provides a quick overview of wireless communications and introduces most of the concepts the readers will need to take advantage of the material. An essential introduction to SDR, this book is sure to be an invaluable addition to any technical bookshelf.
Dr. Grayver is a Senior Engineering Specialist at the Aerospace Corporation.
Software Defined Radio makes wireless communications easier, more efficient, and more reliable. This book bridges the gap between academic research and practical implementation. When beginning a project, practicing engineers, technical managers, and graduate students can save countless hours by considering the concepts presented in these pages. The author covers the myriad options and trade-offs available when selecting an appropriate hardware architecture. As demonstrated here, the choice between hardware- and software-centric architecture can mean the difference between meeting an aggressive schedule and bogging down in endless design iterations. Because of the author's experience overseeing dozens of failed and successful developments, he is able to present many real-life examples. Some of the key concepts covered are: Choosing the right architecture for the market - laboratory, military, or commercial, Hardware platforms - FPGAs, GPPs, specialized and hybrid devices, Standardization efforts to ensure interoperability and portabilitym State-of-the-art components for radio frequency, mixed-signal, and baseband processing.The text requires only minimal knowledge of wireless communications; whenever possible, qualitative arguments are used instead of equations. An appendix provides a quick overview of wireless communications and introduces most of the concepts the readers will need to take advantage of the material. An essential introduction to SDR, this book is sure to be an invaluable addition to any technical bookshelf.
Dr. Grayver is a Senior Engineering Specialist at the Aerospace Corporation.
Implementing Software Defined Radio 2
Preface 5
Acknowledgments 7
Contents 8
Abbreviations 12
1 What is a Radio? 16
2 What Is a Software-Defined Radio? 19
3 Why SDR? 23
3.1…Adaptive Coding and Modulation 24
3.1.1 ACM Implementation Considerations 30
3.2…Dynamic Bandwidth and Resource Allocation 31
3.3…Hierarchical Cellular Network 33
3.4…Cognitive Radio 34
3.5…Green Radio 39
3.6…When Things go Really Wrong 40
3.6.1 Unexpected Channel Conditions 41
3.6.2 Hardware Failure 41
3.6.3 Unexpected Interference 42
3.7…ACM Case Study 43
3.7.1 Radio and Link Emulation 44
3.7.2 Cross-Layer Error Mitigation 46
3.7.2.1 Performance Evaluation with a Traffic Analyzer 46
3.7.2.2 Performance Evaluation with Real-Time Video Streaming 48
4 Disadvantages of SDR 50
4.1…Cost and Power 50
4.2…Complexity 51
4.3…Limited Scope 53
5 Signal Processing Devices 55
5.1…General Purpose Processors 55
5.2…Digital Signal Processors 56
5.3…Field Programmable Gate Arrays 56
5.4…Specialized Processing Units 59
5.4.1 Tilera Tile Processor 61
5.5…Application-Specific Integrated Circuit 63
5.6…Hybrid Solutions 63
5.7…Choosing a DSP Solution 64
6 Signal Processing Architectures 67
6.1…GPP-Based SDR 67
6.1.1 Nonrealtime Radios 70
6.1.2 High-Throughput GPP-Based SDR 72
6.2…FPGA-Based SDR 72
6.2.1 Separate Configurations 73
6.2.2 Multi-Waveform Configuration 73
6.2.3 Partial Reconfiguration 74
6.2.3.1 Partial Reconfiguration for ACM 74
6.2.3.2 Simplex Spread-Spectrum Transceiver with FEC 76
6.2.3.3 Cognitive Radio 77
6.2.3.4 Hardware Acceleration 77
6.2.3.5 Partial Reconfiguration in the Virtex-4 78
6.2.3.6 Wires on Demand 80
6.3…Host Interface 80
6.3.1 Memory-Mapped Interface to Hardware 81
6.3.1.1 Acknowledge Signals 84
6.3.2 Packet Interface 85
6.4…Architecture for FPGA-Based SDR 85
6.4.1 Configuration 85
6.4.2 Data Flow 87
6.4.3 Advanced Bus Architectures 90
6.4.4 Parallelizing for Higher Throughput 92
6.5…Hybrid and Multi-FPGA Architectures 93
6.6…Hardware Acceleration 95
6.6.1 Software Considerations 96
6.6.2 Multiple HA and Resource Sharing 101
6.7…Multi-Channel SDR 104
7 SDR Standardization 108
7.1…Software Communications Architecture and JTRS 108
7.1.1 SCA Background 109
7.1.1.1 CORBA 110
7.1.1.2 CORBA for Non-GPPs 112
7.1.1.3 SCA Services 113
7.1.1.4 XML Ontology for SCA 113
7.1.2 Controlling the Waveform in SCA 114
7.1.3 SCA APIs 115
7.2…STRS 118
7.3…Physical Layer Description 120
7.3.1 Use Cases 122
7.3.2 Development Approach 122
7.3.3 A Configuration Fragment 124
7.3.4 Configuration and Reporting XML 126
7.3.5 Interpreters for Hardware-Centric Radios 127
7.3.6 Interpreters for Software-Centric Radios 127
7.3.7 Example 129
7.4…Data Formats 129
7.4.1 VITA Radio Transport (VITA 49, VRT) 129
7.4.1.1 Data Packet Format 133
7.4.1.2 Context Packet Format 135
7.4.1.3 Packet Loss Mitigation 135
7.4.2 Digital RF (digRF) 136
7.4.3 SDDS 136
7.4.4 Open Base Station Architecture Initiative 138
7.4.5 Common Public Radio Interface 139
8 Software-Centric SDR Platforms 141
8.1…GNURadio 141
8.1.1 Signal Processing Blocks 142
8.1.2 Scheduler 145
8.1.3 Basic GR Development Flow 146
8.1.4 Case Study: Low Costcost Receiver for Weather Satellites 147
8.1.4.1 Frequency Acquisition 148
8.1.4.2 BPSK and OQPSK Demodulation 148
8.1.4.3 FSK Demodulation 149
8.1.4.4 Results 150
8.2…Open-Source SCA Implementation: Embedded 150
8.3…Other All-Software Radio Frameworks 153
8.3.1 Microsoft Research Software Radio (Sora) 153
8.4…Front End for Software Radio 154
8.4.1 Sound-Card Front Ends 155
8.4.2 Universal Software Radio Peripheral 155
8.4.2.1 Low-Cost USRP Clone 156
8.4.3 SDR Front Ends for Navigation Applications 159
8.4.4 Network-Based Front Ends 159
9 Radio Frequency Front End Architectures 160
9.1…Transmitter RF Architectures 160
9.1.1 Direct RF Synthesis 161
9.1.2 Zero-IF Upconversion 163
9.1.3 Direct-IF Upconversion 164
9.1.4 Super Heterodyne Upconversion 166
9.2…Receiver RF Front End Architectures 166
9.2.1 Six-Port Microwave Networks 167
10 State-of-the-Art SDR Components 168
10.1…SDR Using Test Equipment 168
10.1.1 Transmitter 169
10.1.2 Receiver 170
10.1.3 Practical Considerations 172
10.2…SDR Using COTS Components 174
10.2.1 Highly Integrated Solutions 174
10.2.2 Non-Integrated Solutions 175
10.2.3 Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADCs) 176
10.2.4 Digital to Analog Converters (DACs) 180
10.3…Exotic SDR Components 180
10.4…Tunable Filters 182
10.5…Flexible Antennas 187
11 Development Tools and Flows 191
11.1…Requirements Capture 191
11.2…System Simulation 194
11.3…Firmware Development 196
11.3.1 Electronic System Level Design 196
11.3.2 Block-Based System Design 198
11.3.3 Final Implementation 200
11.4…Software Development 201
11.4.1 Real-Time Versus Non-Real-Time Software 201
11.4.2 Optimization 203
11.4.3 Automatic Code Generation 204
12 Conclusion 206
Appendix A An Introduction to Communications Theory 207
A.1…Information 207
A.2…Frequency and Bandwidth 208
A.3…Channel Capacity 211
A.4…Transmitting Messages 213
A.4.1 On-Off Keying 213
A.4.2 Frequency Shift Keying 214
A.4.3 Continuous Phase Modulation 214
A.4.4 Amplitude and Phase Shift Keying 215
A.4.5 Differential Modulation 216
A.4.6 Pulse Position Modulation 217
A.4.7 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing 217
A.4.8 Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum 219
A.4.9 Frequency Hop Spread Spectrum 220
A.5…Multiple Access 221
A.5.1 Time Division Multiple Access 221
A.5.2 Frequency Division Multiple Access 222
A.5.3 Random Access 223
A.5.4 Time and Frequency Multiple Access 224
A.5.5 Code Division Multiple Access 224
A.5.6 Carrier-in-Carrier (Doubletalk) Multiple Access 225
A.6…MIMO 227
A.7…Performance Metrics 230
A.7.1Bit Error Rate 230
A.8…Forward Error Correction 232
A.9…Distortions and Impairments 235
A.9.1Thermal Noise 235
A.9.2 Path Loss 236
A.9.3 Multipath 236
A.9.3.1 Inter-Symbol Interference 237
A.9.3.2 Frequency Selective Fading 239
A.9.3.3 Statistical Fading Channel Models 241
A.9.4 Rain Attenuation 242
A.9.5 Interference 243
A.9.6 Nonlinearity 244
A.9.7 DC Offsets and I/Q Imbalance 245
A.9.8 Frequency and Timing Offsets 246
A.9.9 Phase Noise 246
Appendix BRecommended Test Equipment 248
Appendix C Sample XML files for an SCA Radio 250
Bibliography 257
| Erscheint lt. Verlag | 20.7.2012 |
|---|---|
| Zusatzinfo | XVIII, 270 p. |
| Verlagsort | New York |
| Sprache | englisch |
| Themenwelt | Mathematik / Informatik ► Informatik ► Netzwerke |
| Technik ► Elektrotechnik / Energietechnik | |
| Technik ► Nachrichtentechnik | |
| Schlagworte | Cognitive Radio • GNU Radio • hardware acceleration • military communications • multiuser receivers • Smart antennas systems • Software Defined Radio • Software radio applications • space time communications |
| ISBN-10 | 1-4419-9332-0 / 1441993320 |
| ISBN-13 | 978-1-4419-9332-8 / 9781441993328 |
| Haben Sie eine Frage zum Produkt? |
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