C++ How to Program (Early Objects Version), International Edition

Chapters 24-26 and Appendices F-K are PDF documents posted online at the book's Companion Website, which is accessible from www.pearsonhighered.com/deitel



Preface xxi

1 Introduction to Computers and C++ 1

1.1 Introduction 2

1.2 Computers and the Internet in Industry and Research 2

1.3 Hardware and Software 5

1.3.1 Moore's Law 6

1.3.2 Computer Organization 6

1.4 Data Hierarchy 7

1.5 Machine Languages, Assembly Languages and High-Level Languages 9

1.6 C++ 10

1.7 Programming Languages 11

1.8 Introduction to Object Technology 14

1.9 Typical C++ Development Environment 17

1.10 Test-Driving a C++ Application 19

1.11 Operating Systems 25

1.11.1 Windows-A Proprietary Operating System 25

1.11.2 Linux-An Open-Source Operating System 26

1.11.3 Apple's OS X; Apple's iOS for iPhone (R), iPad (R) and iPod Touch (R) Devices 26

1.11.4 Google's Android 27

1.12 The Internet and World Wide Web 27

1.13 Some Key Software Development Terminology 29

1.14 C++11 and the Open Source Boost Libraries 31

1.15 Keeping Up to Date with Information Technologies 32

1.16 Web Resources 33



2 Introduction to C++ Programming; Input/Output and Operators 38

2.1 Introduction 39

2.2 First Program in C++: Printing a Line of Text 39

2.3 Modifying Our First C++ Program 43

2.4 Another C++ Program: Adding Integers 44

2.5 Memory Concepts 48

2.6 Arithmetic 49

2.7 Decision Making: Equality and Relational Operators 53

2.8 Wrap-Up 57



3 Introduction to Classes, Objects and Strings 66

3.1 Introduction 67

3.2 Defining a Class with a Member Function 67

3.3 Defining a Member Function with a Parameter 70

3.4 Data Members, set Member Functions and get Member Functions 74

3.5 Initializing Objects with Constructors 79

3.6 Placing a Class in a Separate File for Reusability 83

3.7 Separating Interface from Implementation 87

3.8 Validating Data with set Functions 92

3.9 Wrap-Up 97



4 Control Statements: Part 1; Assignment, ++ and -- Operators 104

4.1 Introduction 105

4.2 Algorithms 105

4.3 Pseudocode 106

4.4 Control Structures 107

4.5 if Selection Statement 110

4.6 if...else Double-Selection Statement 112

4.7 while Repetition Statement 116

4.8 Formulating Algorithms: Counter-Controlled Repetition 118

4.9 Formulating Algorithms: Sentinel-Controlled Repetition 124

4.10 Formulating Algorithms: Nested Control Statements 134

4.11 Assignment Operators 139

4.12 Increment and Decrement Operators 140

4.13 Wrap-Up 143



5 Control Statements: Part 2; Logical Operators 157

5.1 Introduction 158

5.2 Essentials of Counter-Controlled Repetition 158

5.3 for Repetition Statement 159

5.4 Examples Using the for Statement 163

5.5 do...while Repetition Statement 168

5.6 switch Multiple-Selection Statement 169

5.7 break and continue Statements 178

5.8 Logical Operators 180

5.9 Confusing the Equality (==) and Assignment (=) Operators 185

5.10 Structured Programming Summary 186

5.11 Wrap-Up 191



6 Functions and an Introduction to Recursion 201

6.1 Introduction 202

6.2 Program Components in C++ 203

6.3 Math Library Functions 204

6.4 Function Definitions with Multiple Parameters 205

6.5 Function Prototypes and Argument Coercion 210

6.6 C++ Standard Library Headers 212

6.7 Case Study: Random Number Generation 214

6.8 Case Study: Game of Chance; Introducing enum 219

6.9 C++11 Random Numbers 224

6.10 Storage Classes and Storage Duration 225

6.11 Scope Rules 228

6.12 Function Call Stack and Activation Records 231

6.13 Functions with Empty Parameter Lists 235

6.14 Inline Functions 236

6.15 References and Reference Parameters 237

6.16 Default Arguments 240

6.17 Unary Scope Resolution Operator 242

6.18 Function Overloading 243

6.19 Function Templates 246

6.20Recursion 248

6.21 Example Using Recursion: Fibonacci Series 252

6.22 Recursion vs. Iteration 255

6.23 Wrap-Up 258



7 Class Templates array and vector; Catching Exceptions 278

7.1 Introduction 279

7.2 arrays 279

7.3 Declaring arrays 281

7.4 Examples Using arrays 281

7.4.1 Declaring an array and Using a Loop to Initialize the array's Elements 281

7.4.2 Initializing an array in a Declaration with an Initializer List 282

7.4.3 Specifying an array's Size with a Constant Variable and Setting array Elements with Calculations 283

7.4.4 Summing the Elements of an array 286

7.4.5 Using Bar Charts to Display array Data Graphically 286

7.4.6 Using the Elements of an array as Counters 288

7.4.7 Using arrays to Summarize Survey Results 289

7.4.8 Static Local arrays and Automatic Local arrays 291

7.5 Range-Based for Statement 293

7.6 Case Study: Class GradeBook Using an array to Store Grades 295

7.7 Sorting and Searching arrays 302

7.8 Multidimensional arrays 304

7.9 Case Study: Class GradeBook Using a Two-Dimensional array 307

7.10 Introduction to C++ Standard Library Class Template vector 314

7.11 Wrap-Up 320



8 Pointers 334

8.1 Introduction 335

8.2 Pointer Variable Declarations and Initialization 335

8.3 Pointer Operators 337

8.4 Pass-by-Reference with Pointers 339

8.5 Built-In Arrays 344

8.6 Using const with Pointers 346

8.6.1 Nonconstant Pointer to Nonconstant Data 347

8.6.2 Nonconstant Pointer to Constant Data 347

8.6.3 Constant Pointer to Nonconstant Data 348

8.6.4 Constant Pointer to Constant Data 349

8.7 sizeof Operator 350

8.8 Pointer Expressions and Pointer Arithmetic 353

8.9 Relationship Between Pointers and Built-In Arrays 355

8.10 Pointer-Based Strings 358

8.11 Wrap-Up 361



9 Classes: A Deeper Look; Throwing Exceptions 377

9.1 Introduction 378

9.2 Time Class Case Study 379

9.3 Class Scope and Accessing Class Members 385

9.4 Access Functions and Utility Functions 386

9.5 Time Class Case Study: Constructors with Default Arguments 387

9.6 Destructors 393

9.7 When Constructors and Destructors Are Called 393

9.8 Time Class Case Study: A Subtle Trap-Returning a Reference or a Pointer to a private Data Member 397

9.9 Default Memberwise Assignment 400

9.10 const Objects and const Member Functions 402

9.11 Composition: Objects as Members of Classes 404

9.12 friend Functions and friend Classes 410

9.13 Using the this Pointer 412

9.14 static Class Members 418

9.15 Wrap-Up 423



10 Operator Overloading; Class string 433

10.1 Introduction 434

10.2 Using the Overloaded Operators of Standard Library Class string 435

10.3 Fundamentals of Operator Overloading 438

10.4 Overloading Binary Operators 439

10.5 Overloading the Binary Stream Insertion and Stream Extraction Operators 440

10.6 Overloading Unary Operators 444

10.7 Overloading the Unary Prefix and Postfix ++ and -- Operators 445

10.8 Case Study: A Date Class 446

10.9 Dynamic Memory Management 451

10.10 Case Study: Array Class 453

10.10.1 Using the Array Class 454

10.10.2 Array Class Definition 458

10.11 Operators as Member vs. Non-Member Functions 466

10.12 Converting Between Types 466

10.13 explicit Constructors and Conversion Operators 468

10.14 Overloading the Function Call Operator () 470

10.15 Wrap-Up 471



11 Object-Oriented Programming: Inheritance 482

11.1 Introduction 483

11.2 Base Classes and Derived Classes 483

11.3 Relationship between Base and Derived Classes 486

11.3.1 Creating and Using a CommissionEmployee Class 486

11.3.2 Creating a BasePlusCommissionEmployee Class Without Using Inheritance 491

11.3.3 Creating a CommissionEmployee-BasePlusCommissionEmployee Inheritance Hierarchy 497

11.3.4 CommissionEmployee-BasePlusCommissionEmployee Inheritance Hierarchy Using protected Data 501

11.3.5 CommissionEmployee-BasePlusCommissionEmployee

Inheritance Hierarchy Using private Data 504

11.4 Constructors and Destructors in Derived Classes 509

11.5 public, protected and private Inheritance 511

11.6 Software Engineering with Inheritance 512

11.7 Wrap-Up 512



12 Object-Oriented Programming: Polymorphism 517

12.1 Introduction 518

12.2 Introduction to Polymorphism: Polymorphic Video Game 519

12.3 Relationships Among Objects in an Inheritance Hierarchy 519

12.3.1 Invoking Base-Class Functions from Derived-Class Objects 520

12.3.2 Aiming Derived-Class Pointers at Base-Class Objects 523

12.3.3 Derived-Class Member-Function Calls via Base-Class Pointers 524

12.3.4 Virtual Functions and Virtual Destructors 526

12.4 Type Fields and switch Statements 533

12.5 Abstract Classes and Pure virtual Functions 533

12.6 Case Study: Payroll System Using Polymorphism 535

12.6.1 Creating Abstract Base Class Employee 536

12.6.2 Creating Concrete Derived Class SalariedEmployee 540

12.6.3 Creating Concrete Derived Class CommissionEmployee 542

12.6.4 Creating Indirect Concrete Derived Class BasePlusCommissionEmployee 544

12.6.5 Demonstrating Polymorphic Processing 546

12.7 (Optional) Polymorphism, Virtual Functions and Dynamic Binding "Under the Hood" 550

12.8 Case Study: Payroll System Using Polymorphism and Runtime Type Information with Downcasting, dynamic_cast, typeid and type_info 553

12.9 Wrap-Up 557



13 Stream Input/Output: A Deeper Look 562

13.1 Introduction 563

13.2 Streams 564

13.2.1 Classic Streams vs. Standard Streams 564

13.2.2 iostream Library Headers 565

13.2.3 Stream Input/Output Classes and Objects 565

13.3 Stream Output 567

13.3.1 Output of char * Variables 568

13.3.2 Character Output Using Member Function put 568

13.4 Stream Input 569

13.4.1 get and getline Member Functions 569

13.4.2 istream Member Functions peek, putback and ignore 572

13.4.3 Type-Safe I/O 572

13.5 Unformatted I/O Using read, write and gcount 572

13.6 Introduction to Stream Manipulators 573

13.6.1 Integral Stream Base: dec, oct, hex and setbase 574

13.6.2 Floating-Point Precision (precision, setprecision) 574

13.6.3 Field Width (width, setw) 576

13.6.4 User-Defined Output Stream Manipulators 577

13.7 Stream Format States and Stream Manipulators 578

13.7.1 Trailing Zeros and Decimal Points (showpoint) 579

13.7.2 Justification (left, right and internal) 580

13.7.3 Padding (fill, setfill) 582

13.7.4 Integral Stream Base (dec, oct, hex, showbase) 583

13.7.5 Floating-Point Numbers; Scientific and Fixed Notation (scientific, fixed) 584

13.7.6 Uppercase/Lowercase Control (uppercase) 585

13.7.7 Specifying Boolean Format (boolalpha) 585

13.7.8 Setting and Resetting the Format State via Member Function flags 586

13.8 Stream Error States 587

13.9 Tying an Output Stream to an Input Stream 590

13.10 Wrap-Up 590



14 File Processing 599

14.1 Introduction 600

14.2 Files and Streams 600

14.3 Creating a Sequential File 601

14.4 Reading Data from a Sequential File 605

14.5 Updating Sequential Files 611

14.6 Random-Access Files 611

14.7 Creating a Random-Access File 612

14.8 Writing Data Randomly to a Random-Access File 617

14.9 Reading from a Random-Access File Sequentially 619

14.10 Case Study: A Transaction-Processing Program 621

14.11 Object Serialization 628

14.12 Wrap-Up 628



15 Standard Library Containers and Iterators 638

15.1 Introduction 639

15.2 Introduction to Containers 640

15.3 Introduction to Iterators 644

15.4 Introduction to Algorithms 649

15.5 Sequence Containers 649

15.5.1 vector Sequence Container 650

15.5.2 list Sequence Container 658

15.5.3 deque Sequence Container 662

15.6 Associative Containers 664

15.6.1 multiset Associative Container 665

15.6.2 set Associative Container 668

15.6.3 multimap Associative Container 669

15.6.4 map Associative Container 671

15.7 Container Adapters 673

15.7.1 stack Adapter 673

15.7.2 queue Adapter 675

15.7.3 priority_queue Adapter 676

15.8 Class bitset 677

15.9 Wrap-Up 679



16 Standard Library Algorithms 690

16.1 Introduction 691

16.2 Minimum Iterator Requirements 691

16.3 Algorithms 693

16.3.1 fill, fill_n, generate and generate_n 693

16.3.2 equal, mismatch and lexicographical_compare 695

16.3.3 remove, remove_if, remove_copy and remove_copy_if 697

16.3.4 replace, replace_if, replace_copy and replace_copy_if 700

16.3.5 Mathematical Algorithms 702

16.3.6 Basic Searching and Sorting Algorithms 706

16.3.7 swap, iter_swap and swap_ranges 710

16.3.8 copy_backward, merge, unique and reverse 711

16.3.9 inplace_merge, unique_copy and reverse_copy 714

16.3.10 Set Operations 716

16.3.11 lower_bound, upper_bound and equal_range 719

16.3.12Heapsort 721

16.3.13 min, max, minmax and minmax_element 724

16.4 Function Objects 726

16.5 Lambda Expressions 729

16.6 Standard Library Algorithm Summary 730

16.7 Wrap-Up 732



17 Exception Handling: A Deeper Look 740

17.1 Introduction 741

17.2 Example: Handling an Attempt to Divide by Zero 741

17.3 Rethrowing an Exception 747

17.4 Stack Unwinding 748

17.5 When to Use Exception Handling 750

17.6 Constructors, Destructors and Exception Handling 751

17.7 Exceptions and Inheritance 752

17.8 Processing new Failures 752

17.9 Class unique_ptr and Dynamic Memory Allocation 755

17.10 Standard Library Exception Hierarchy 758

17.11 Wrap-Up 759



18 Introduction to Custom Templates 765

18.1 Introduction 766

18.2 Class Templates 766

18.3 Function Template to Manipulate a Class-Template Specialization Object 771

18.4 Nontype Parameters 773

18.5 Default Arguments for Template Type Parameters 773

18.6 Overloading Function Templates 774

18.7 Wrap-Up 774



19 Custom Templatized Data Structures 777

19.1 Introduction 778

19.2 Self-Referential Classes 779

19.3 Linked Lists 780

19.4Stacks 794

19.5Queues 799

19.6Trees 803

19.7 Wrap-Up 811



20 Searching and Sorting 822

20.1 Introduction 823

20.2 Searching Algorithms 824

20.2.1 Linear Search 824

20.2.2 Binary Search 827

20.3 Sorting Algorithms 831

20.3.1 Insertion Sort 832

20.3.2 Selection Sort 834

20.3.3 Merge Sort (A Recursive Implementation) 837

20.4 Wrap-Up 843



21 Class string and String Stream Processing: A Deeper Look 849

21.1 Introduction 850

21.2 string Assignment and Concatenation 851

21.3 Comparing strings 853

21.4 Substrings 856

21.5 Swapping strings 856

21.6 string Characteristics 857

21.7 Finding Substrings and Characters in a string 859

21.8 Replacing Characters in a string 861

21.9 Inserting Characters into a string 863

21.10 Conversion to Pointer-Based char * Strings 864

21.11 Iterators 865

21.12 String Stream Processing 867

21.13 C++11 Numeric Conversion Functions 870

21.14 Wrap-Up 871



22 Bits, Characters, C Strings and structs 879

22.1 Introduction 880

22.2 Structure Definitions 880

22.3 typedef 882

22.4 Example: Card Shuffling and Dealing Simulation 882

22.5 Bitwise Operators 885

22.6 Bit Fields 894

22.7 Character-Handling Library 897

22.8 C String-Manipulation Functions 903

22.9 C String-Conversion Functions 910

22.10 Search Functions of the C String-Handling Library 915

22.11 Memory Functions of the C String-Handling Library 919

22.12 Wrap-Up 923



23 Other Topics 938

23.1 Introduction 939

23.2 const_cast Operator 939

23.3 mutable Class Members 941

23.4 namespaces 943

23.5 Operator Keywords 946

23.6 Pointers to Class Members (.* and ->*) 948

23.7 Multiple Inheritance 950

23.8 Multiple Inheritance and virtual Base Classes 955

23.9 Wrap-Up 959



List of Chapters on the Web 965



A Operator Precedence and Associativity 967



B ASCII Character Set 969



C Fundamental Types 970



D Number Systems 972

D.1 Introduction 973

D.2 Abbreviating Binary Numbers as Octal and Hexadecimal Numbers 976

D.3 Converting Octal and Hexadecimal Numbers to Binary Numbers 977

D.4 Converting from Binary, Octal or Hexadecimal to Decimal 977

D.5 Converting from Decimal to Binary, Octal or Hexadecimal 978

D.6 Negative Binary Numbers: Two's Complement Notation 980



E Preprocessor 985

E.1 Introduction 986

E.2 #include Preprocessing Directive 986

E.3 #define Preprocessing Directive: Symbolic Constants 987

E.4 #define Preprocessing Directive: Macros 987

E.5 Conditional Compilation 989

E.6 #error and #pragma Preprocessing Directives 990

E.7 Operators # and ## 991

E.8 Predefined Symbolic Constants 991

E.9 Assertions 992

E.10Wrap-Up 992



List of Appendices on the Web 997

Index 999



Online Chapters and Appendices

Chapters 24-26 and Appendices F-K are PDF documents posted online at the book's Companion Website, which is accessible from www.pearsonhighered.com/deitel



24 C++11 Additional Features 24-1



25 ATM Case Study, Part 1: Object-Oriented Design with the UML 25-1

25.1 Introduction 25-2

25.2 Introduction to Object-Oriented Analysis and Design 25-2

25.3 Examining the ATM Requirements Document 25-3

25.4 Identifying the Classes in the ATM Requirements Document 25-10

25.5 Identifying Class Attributes 25-17

25.6 Identifying Objects' States and Activities 25-21

25.7 Identifying Class Operations 25-25

25.8 Indicating Collaboration Among Objects 25-32

25.9 Wrap-Up 25-39



26 ATM Case Study, Part 2: Implementing an Object-Oriented Design 26-1

26.1 Introduction 26-2

26.2 Starting to Program the Classes of the ATM System 26-2

26.3 Incorporating Inheritance into the ATM System 26-8

26.4 ATM Case Study Implementation 26-15

26.4.1 Class ATM 26-16

26.4.2 Class Screen 26-23

26.4.3 Class Keypad 26-25

26.4.4 Class CashDispenser 26-26

26.4.5 Class DepositSlot 26-28

26.4.6 Class Account 26-29

26.4.7 Class BankDatabase 26-31

26.4.8 Class Transaction 26-35

26.4.9 Class BalanceInquiry 26-37

26.4.10 Class Withdrawal 26-39

26.4.11 Class Deposit 26-44

26.4.12 Test Program ATMCaseStudy.cpp 26-47

26.5 Wrap-Up 26-47



F C Legacy Code Topics F-1

F.1 Introduction F-2

F.2 Redirecting Input/Output on UNIX/Linux/Mac OS X and Windows Systems F-2

F.3 Variable-Length Argument Lists F-3

F.4 Using Command-Line Arguments F-5

F.5 Notes on Compiling Multiple-Source-File Programs F-7

F.6 Program Termination with exit and atexit F-9

F.7 Type Qualifier volatile F-10

F.8 Suffixes for Integer and Floating-Point Constants F-10

F.9 Signal Handling F-11

F.10 Dynamic Memory Allocation with calloc and realloc F-13

F.11 Unconditional Branch: goto F-14

F.12 Unions F-15

F.13 Linkage Specifications F-18

F.14 Wrap-Up F-19



G UML 2: Additional Diagram Types G-1

G.1 Introduction G-1

G.2 Additional Diagram Types G-2



H Using the Visual Studio Debugger H-1

H.1 Introduction H-2

H.2 Breakpoints and the Continue Command H-2

H.3 Locals and Watch Windows H-8

H.4 Controlling Execution Using the Step Into, Step Over, Step Out and Continue Commands H-11

H.5 Autos Window H-13

H.6 Wrap-Up H-14



I Using the GNU C++ Debugger I-1

I.1 Introduction I-2

I.2 Breakpoints and the run, stop, continue and print Commands I-2

I.3 print and set Commands I-8

I.4 Controlling Execution Using the step, finish and next Commands I-10

I.5 watch Command I-13

I.6 Wrap-Up I-15



J Using the Xcode Debugger J-1



K Test Driving a C++ Program on Mac OS X K-1 [Note: The test drives for Windows and Linux are in Chapter 1.]