Ubuntu Unleashed 2013 Edition

Matthew Helmke is an active member of the Ubuntu community. He served from 2006 to 2011 on the Ubuntu Forum Council, providing leadership and oversight of the Ubuntu Forums ( www.ubuntuforums.org ), and spent two years on the Ubuntu regional membership approval board for Europe, the Middle East, and Africa. He has written about Ubuntu for several magazines and websites, is a lead author of The Official Ubuntu Book, and coauthored The VMware Cookbook. He works as a senior technical writer for Pearson North America’s Assessment and Information division, documenting assessment software. Matthew first used Unix in 1987 while studying LISP on a Vax at the university. He has run a business using only free and open source software, has consulted, and has a master’s degree in Information Resources and Library Science from the University of Arizona. You can find out more about Matthew at matthewhelmke.com or drop him a line with errata or suggestions at matthew@matthewhelmke.com . Andrew Hudson is a freelance journalist who specializes in writing about Linux. He has significant experience in Red Hat and Debian-based Linux distributions and deployments and can often be found sitting at his keyboard tweaking various settings and config files just for the hell of it. He lives in Wiltshire, which is a county of England, along with his wife, Bernice, and their son, John. Andrew does not like Emacs. Paul Hudson is a recognized expert in open-source technologies. He is also a professional developer and full-time journalist for Future Publishing. His articles have appeared in MacFormat, PC Answers, PC Format, PC Plus, and Linux Format . Paul is passionate about free software in all its forms and uses a mix of Linux and BSD to power his desktops and servers. Paul likes Emacs.

Introduction 1
Licensing   2
Who This Book Is For   3
  Those Wanting to Become Intermediate or Advanced Users   3
  Sysadmins, Programmers, and DevOps   4
What This Book Contains   5
Conventions Used in This Book   5
Part I Installation and Configuration
1  Installing Ubuntu and Post-Installation Configuration   7
Before You Begin the Installation   7
  Researching Your Hardware Specifications   8
  Installation Options   8
  Planning Partition Strategies   10
  The Boot Loader   10
  Installing from DVD or USB Drive   11
Step-by-Step Installation   11
  Installing   12
  First Update   16  
  Wubi: The Easy Installer for Windows   16
Shutting Down   18
Finding Programs and Files   19
Software Updater   19
The sudo Command   22
Configuring Software Repositories   23
System Settings   26
  Detecting and Configuring a Printer   26
  Configuring Power Management in Ubuntu   27
  Setting the Time and Date   27
Configuring Wireless Networks   29
Troubleshooting Post-Installation Configuration Problems   31
References   32
Part II Desktop Ubuntu
2  Working with Unity   33
Foundations and the X Server   33
  Basic X Concepts   34
  Using X   35
  Elements of the xorg.conf File   36
  Starting X   41
  Using a Display Manager   41
  Changing Window Managers   42
Using Unity, a Primer   42
  The Desktop   43
  Customizing and Configuring Unity   48
Power Shortcuts   49
References   50
3  On the Internet   51
Getting Started with Firefox   52
Checking Out Google Chrome and Chromium   53
Choosing an Email Client   55
  Mozilla Thunderbird   56
  Evolution   56
  Other Mail Clients   57
RSS Readers   58
  Firefox   58
  Liferea   58
Instant Messaging and Video Conferencing with Empathy   59
Internet Relay Chat   60
Usenet Newsgroups   62
Ubuntu One Cloud Storage   64
References   64
4  Productivity Applications   65
Introducing LibreOffice   67
Other Office Suites for Ubuntu   69
  Working with GNOME Office   69  
  Working with KOffice   70
Other Useful Productivity Software   71
  Working with PDF   71
  Working with XML and DocBook   71
  Working with LaTeX   73
Productivity Applications Written for Microsoft Windows   73
References   74
5  Multimedia Applications   75
Sound and Music   75
  Sound Cards   76
  Adjusting Volume   77
  Sound Formats   78
  Listening to Music   79
  Buying Music in the Ubuntu One Music Store   81
Graphics Manipulation   83
  The GNU Image Manipulation Program   83
  Using Scanners in Ubuntu   85
  Working with Graphics Formats   85
  Capturing Screen Images   87
Using Digital Cameras with Ubuntu   88
  Handheld Digital Cameras   88
  Using Shotwell Photo Manager   88
Burning CDs and DVDs in Ubuntu   89
  Creating CDs and DVDs with Brasero   89
  Creating CDs from the Command Line   89
  Creating DVDs from the Command Line   91
Viewing Video   94
  TV and Video Hardware   94
  Video Formats   95
  Viewing Video in Linux   96
  Personal Video Recorders   97
  Video Editing   97
References   98
6  Other Ubuntu Interfaces   99
Desktop Environment   100
KDE and Kubuntu   101
Xfce and Xubuntu   102
  LXDE and Lubuntu   103
GNOME3 and Gnobuntu   104
References   105
7  Games   107
Ubuntu Gaming   107
  Installing Proprietary Video Drivers   108
Installing Games in Ubuntu   109
  Warsow   110
  Scorched 3D   110
  Frozen Bubble   111
  SuperTux   112
  Battle for Wesnoth   112
  Frets on Fire   114
  FlightGear   114
  Speed Dreams   114
  Games for Kids   114
  Commercial Games   115
Playing Windows Games   116
References   116
Part III  System Administration
8  Managing Software   119
Ubuntu Software Center   119
Using Synaptic for Software Management   120
Staying Up-to-Date   122
Working on the Command Line   123
  Day-to-Day Usage   124
  Finding Software   127
Compiling Software from Source   128
  Compiling from a Tarball   128
  Compiling from Source from the Ubuntu Repositories   129
Configuration Management   130
  Dotdee   130
  OneConf   131
References   131
9  Command-Line Quickstart   133
What Is the Command Line?   134
Accessing the Command Line   135
  Text-Based Console Login   136
  Logging Out   137
  Logging In and Out from a Remote Computer   137
User Accounts   138
Reading Documentation   140
  Using Man Pages    140
  Using apropros   140
  Using whereis   141
Understanding the Linux File System Hierarchy   141
  Essential Commands in /bin and /sbin   142
  Configuration Files in /etc   143
  User Directories: /home   143
  Using the Contents of the /proc Directory to Interact  with the Kernel   144  
  Working with Shared Data in the /usr Directory   145
  Temporary File Storage in the /tmp Directory   146
  Accessing Variable Data Files in the /var Directory   146
Navigating the Linux File System   146
  Listing the Contents of a Directory with ls   146
  Changing Directories with cd   148
  Finding Your Current Directory with pwd   149
Working with Permissions   149
  Assigning Permissions   150
  Directory Permissions   151
  Altering File Permissions with chmod   152
  File Permissions with chgrp   153
  Changing File Permissions with chown   153
  Understanding Set User ID and Set Group ID Permissions   153
Working with Files   155
  Creating a File with touch   155
  Creating a Directory with mkdir   155
  Deleting a Directory with rmdir   156
  Deleting a File or Directory with rm   157
  Moving or Renaming a File with mv   157
  Copying a File with cp   158
  Displaying the Contents of a File with cat   159
  Displaying the Contents of a File with less   159
  Using Wildcards and Regular Expressions   159
Working as Root   160
  Understanding and Fixing sudo   160
  Creating Users   164
  Deleting Users   164
  Shutting Down the System   165
  Rebooting the System   166
Commonly Used Commands and Programs   166
References   167
10  Command-Line Master Class   169
Why Use the Command Line?   170
Using Basic Commands   171
  Printing the Contents of a File with cat    172
  Changing Directories with cd   173
  Changing File Access Permissions with chmod   175
  Copying Files with cp   175
  Printing Disk Usage with du   176
  Finding Files by Searching with find   177
  Searches for a String in Input with grep   179
  Paging Through Output with less   180
  Creating Links Between Files with ln   182
  Finding Files from an Index with locate   184
  Listing Files in the Current Directory with ls   184
  Reading Manual Pages with man   186
  Making Directories with mkdir   187
  Moving Files with mv   187
  Listing Processes with ps   188
  Deleting Files and Directories with rm   188
  Printing the Last Lines of a File with tail   189
  Printing Resource Usage with top   189
  Printing the Location of a Command with which   191
Redirecting Output and Input   191
stdin, stdout, sdterr, and Redirection   193
Comparing Files   194
  Finding Differences in Files with diff   194
  Finding Similarities in Files with comm.   194
Combining Commands   195
Using Environment Variables   197
Using Common Text Editors   200
  Working with nano   201
  Working with vi   202
  Working with emacs   203
Working with Compressed Files   204
Using Multiple Terminals with byobu   205
References   207
11  Managing Users   209
User Accounts   209
  The Super User/Root User   210
  User IDs and Group IDs   212
  File Permissions   212
Managing Groups   213
  Group Listing   213
  Group Management Tools   214
Managing Users   216
  User Management Tools   216
  Adding New Users   218
  Monitoring User Activity on the System   222
Managing Passwords   222
  System Password Policy   222
  The Password File   223
  Shadow Passwords   224
  Managing Password Security for Users   226
  Changing Passwords in a Batch   227
Granting System Administrator Privileges to Regular Users   227
  Temporarily Changing User Identity with the su Command    227
  Granting Root Privileges on Occasion: The sudo Command   229
Disk Quotas   232
  Implementing Quotas   233
  Manually Configuring Quotas   233
Related Ubuntu Commands   234
References   235
12  Automating Tasks and Shell Scripting   237
Scheduling Tasks   237
  Using at and batch to Schedule Tasks for Later   237
  Using cron to Run Jobs Repeatedly   240
Basic Shell Control   242
  The Shell Command Line   243
  Shell Pattern-Matching Support   245
  Redirecting Input and Output   246
  Piping Data   247
  Background Processing   247
Writing and Executing a Shell Script   248
  Running the New Shell Program   249
  Storing Shell Scripts for System-wide Access   250
  Interpreting Shell Scripts Through Specific Shells   250
  Using Variables in Shell Scripts   252
  Assigning a Value to a Variable   252
  Accessing Variable Values   253
  Positional Parameters   253
  A Simple Example of a Positional Parameter   253
  Using Positional Parameters to Access and Retrieve Variables from the Command Line   254
  Using a Simple Script to Automate Tasks   255
  Built-In Variables   257
  Special Characters   257
  Using Double Quotes to Resolve Variables in Strings with Embedded Spaces   258
  Using Single Quotes to Maintain Unexpanded Variables   259
  Using the Backslash as an Escape Character   260
  Using the Backtick to Replace a String with Output   260
  Comparison of Expressions in pdksh and bash   261
  Comparing Expressions with tcsh   266
  The for Statement   270
  The while Statement   271
  The until Statement   273
  The repeat Statement (tcsh)   274
  The select Statement (pdksh)   274
  The shift Statement   275
  The if Statement   275
  The case Statement   276
  The break and exit Statements   278
  Using Functions in Shell Scripts   279
References   280
13  The Boot Process   281
Running Services at Boot   281
Beginning the Boot Loading Process   282
  Loading the Linux Kernel   283
  System Services and Runlevels   284
  Runlevel Definitions   284
  Booting into the Default Runlevel   285
  Understanding init Scripts and the Final Stage of Initialization   285
  Controlling Services at Boot with Administrative Tools   286
  Changing Runlevels   286
  Troubleshooting Runlevel Problems   287
Starting and Stopping Services Manually   288
Using Upstart   289
References   290
14  System-Monitoring Tools   291
Console-Based Monitoring   291
  Using the kill Command to Control Processes   293
  Using Priority Scheduling and Control   294
  Displaying Free and Used Memory with free   296
  Disk Space   297
  Disk Quotas   298
Graphical Process and System Management Tools   298
  System Monitor   298
  Conky   300
  Other   305
KDE Process- and System-Monitoring Tools   305
Enterprise Server Monitoring   305
  Landscape   306
  Other   306
References   306
15  Backing Up   307
Choosing a Backup Strategy   307
  Why Data Loss Occurs   308
  Assessing Your Backup Needs and Resources   309
  Evaluating Backup Strategies   311
  Making the Choice   314
Choosing Backup Hardware and Media   314
  Removable Storage Media   314
  CD-RW and DVD+RW/-RW Drives   315
  Network Storage   315
  Tape Drive Backup   315
  Cloud Storage   316
Using Backup Software   316
  tar: The Most Basic Backup Tool   317
  The GNOME File Roller   319
  The KDE ark Archiving Tool   320
  Déjà Dup   320
  Back In Time   322
  Unison   324
  Using the Amanda Backup Application   324
  Alternative Backup Software   325
Copying Files   326
  Copying Files Using tar   326
  Compressing, Encrypting, and Sending tar Streams   327
  Copying Files Using cp   327
  Copying Files Using mc   328
  Using rsync   328
Version Control for Configuration Files   330
  System Rescue   332
  The Ubuntu Rescue Disc   333
  Restoring the GRUB2 Boot Loader   333
  Saving Files from a Nonbooting Hard Drive   333
References   334
16  Networking   335
Laying the Foundation: The localhost Interface   336
  Checking for the Availability of the Loopback Interface   336
  Configuring the Loopback Interface Manually   336
Checking Connections with ping, traceroute, and mtr   338
Networking with TCP/IP   340
  TCP/IP Addressing   341
  Using IP Masquerading in Ubuntu   343
  Ports   344
IPv6 Basics   344
Network Organization   347
  Subnetting   347
  Subnet Masks   348
  Broadcast, Unicast, and Multicast Addressing   348
Hardware Devices for Networking   349
  Network Interface Cards   349
  Network Cable   351
  Hubs and Switches   352
  Routers and Bridges   353
  Initializing New Network Hardware   353
Using Network Configuration Tools   355
  Command-Line Network Interface Configuration   356
  Network Configuration Files   360
  Using Graphical Configuration Tools   363
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol   365
  How DHCP Works   365
  Activating DHCP at Installation and Boot Time   366
  DHCP Software Installation and Configuration   367
  Using DHCP to Configure Network Hosts   369
  Other Uses for DHCP   371
Wireless Networking   371
  Support for Wireless Networking in Ubuntu   371
  Advantages of Wireless Networking   373
  Choosing from Among Available Wireless Protocols   373
Beyond the Network and onto the Internet   374
Common Configuration Information   374
Configuring Digital Subscriber Line Access   376
  Understanding PPP over Ethernet   376
  Configuring a PPPoE Connection Manually   377
Configuring Dial-Up Internet Access   378
Troubleshooting Connection Problems   379
References   380
17  Remote Access with SSH and Telnet   381
Setting Up a Telnet Server   381
Telnet Versus SSH   383
Setting Up an SSH Server   383
SSH Tools   383
  Using scp to Copy Individual Files Between Machines   384
  Using sftp to Copy Many Files Between Machines   385
  Using ssh-keygen to Enable Key-Based Logins   385
Virtual Network Computing   387
References   389
18  Securing Your Machines   391
Understanding Computer Attacks 391
Assessing Your Vulnerability   393
Protecting Your Machine   394
  Securing a Wireless Network   395
  Passwords and Physical Security   395
  Configuring and Using Tripwire   396
  Devices   397
Viruses   397
Configuring Your Firewall   398
AppArmor   401
Forming a Disaster Recovery Plan   403
References   404
19  Performance Tuning   405
Hard Disk   405
  Using the BIOS and Kernel to Tune the Disk Drives   406
  The hdparm Command   407
  File System Tuning   408
  The tune2fs Command   408
  The e2fsck Command   409
  The badblocks Command   409
  Disabling File Access Time   409
Kernel   410
Apache   411
MySQL   412
  Measuring Key Buffer Usage   412
  Using the Query Cache   414
  Miscellaneous Tweaks   415
  Query Optimization   416
References   416
20  Kernel and Module Management   417
The Linux Kernel   418
  The Linux Source Tree   419
  Types of Kernels   421
Managing Modules   422
When to Recompile   424
Kernel Versions   425
Obtaining the Kernel Sources   426
Patching the Kernel   426
Compiling the Kernel   428
  Using xconfig to Configure the Kernel   431
  Creating an Initial RAM Disk Image   434
When Something Goes Wrong   435
  Errors During Compile   435
  Runtime Errors, Boot Loader Problems, and Kernel Oops   436
References   436
Part IV  Ubuntu as a Server
21  Sharing Files and Printers   439
Using the Network File System   440
  Installing and Starting or Stopping NFS   440
  NFS Server Configuration   440
  NFS Client Configuration   442
Putting Samba to Work   443
  Manually Configuring Samba with /etc/samba/smb.conf    444
  Testing Samba with the testparm Command   447
  Starting, Stopping, and Restarting the smbd Daemon   448
  Mounting Samba Shares   449
  Configuring Samba Using SWAT   450
Network and Remote Printing with Ubuntu   453
  Creating Network Printers   454
  Using the Common UNIX Printing System GUI   456
  Avoiding Printer Support Problems   458
References   460
22  Apache Web Server Management   461
About the Apache Web Server   461
Installing the Apache Server   462
  Installing from the Ubuntu Repositories   463
  Building the Source Yourself   464
Starting and Stopping Apache   467
  Starting the Apache Server Manually   467
  Using /etc/init.d/apache2   468
Runtime Server Configuration Settings   469
  Runtime Configuration Directives   470
  Editing apache2.conf    470
  Apache Multiprocessing Modules   473
  Using .htaccess Configuration Files   473
File System Authentication and Access Control   475
  Restricting Access with allow and deny   476
  Authentication   477
  Final Words on Access Control   479
Apache Modules   480
  mod_access   481
  mod_alias   481
  mod_asis   481
  mod_auth   482
  mod_auth_anon   482
  mod_auth_dbm   482
  mod_auth_digest   482
  mod_autoindex   483
  mod_cgi   483
  mod_dir and mod_env   483
  mod_expires   483
  mod_headers   483
  mod_include    484
  mod_info and mod_log_config   484
  mod_mime and mod_mime_magic   484
  mod_negotiation   484
  mod_proxy   484
  mod_rewrite    484
  mod_setenvif   485
  mod_speling   485
  mod_status    485
  mod_ssl    485
  mod_unique_id   485
  mod_userdir   485
  mod_usertrack   485
  mod_vhost_alias   485
Virtual Hosting   486
  Address-Based Virtual Hosts   486
  Name-Based Virtual Hosts   486
Logging   488
References   490
23  Other HTTP Servers   491
Nginx   491
Lighttpd   493
Yaws   494
Cherokee   494
Jetty   495
Thttpd   . 495
Apache Tomcat   496
References   496
24  Remote File Serving with FTP   497
Choosing an FTP Server   497
  Choosing an Authenticated or Anonymous Server   498
  Ubuntu FTP Server Packages   498
  Other FTP Servers   498
Installing FTP Software   499
The FTP User   500
Configuring the Very Secure FTP Server   502
  Controlling Anonymous Access   503
  Other vsftpd Server Configuration Files   504
Using the ftphosts File to Allow or Deny FTP Server Connection   505
References   506
25  Handling Email   507
How Email Is Sent and Received   507
  The Mail Transport Agent    508
  Choosing an MTA   510
  The Mail Delivery Agent   510
  The Mail User Agent   511
Basic Postfix Configuration and Operation   512
  Configuring Masquerading   514
  Using Smart Hosts   515
  Setting Message Delivery Intervals   515
  Mail Relaying   516
  Forwarding Email with Aliases   516
Using Fetchmail to Retrieve Mail   517
  Installing Fetchmail   517
  Configuring Fetchmail   517
Choosing a Mail Delivery Agent    521
  Procmail   521
  Spamassassin   521
  Squirrelmail   522
  Virus Scanners   522
  Autoresponders   522
Alternatives to Microsoft Exchange Server   522
  Microsoft Exchange Server/Outlook Client   523
  CommuniGate Pro   523
  Oracle Beehive   524
  Bynari   524
  Open-Xchange   524
  Phpgroupware   524
  PHProjekt   524
  Horde   524
References   525
26  Proxying, Reverse Proxying, and Virtual Private Networks (VPN)   527
What Is a Proxy Server?   527
Installing Squid   528
Configuring Clients   528
Access Control Lists   529
Specifying Client IP Addresses   533
Sample Configurations   534
Virtual Private Networks (VPN)   536
  Setting Up a VPN Client   537
  Setting Up a VPN Server   539
References   541
27  Administering Relational Database Services   543
A Brief Review of Database Basics   544
  How Relational Databases Work   545
  Understanding SQL Basics   547
  Creating Tables   548
  Inserting Data into Tables   549
  Retrieving Data from a Database   550
Choosing a Database: MySQL Versus PostgreSQL   552
  Speed   552
  Data Locking   552
  ACID Compliance in Transaction Processing to Protect Data Integrity   553
  SQL Subqueries   554
  Procedural Languages and Triggers   554
Configuring MySQL   554
  Setting a Password for the MySQL Root User   555
  Creating a Database in MySQL   556
Configuring PostgreSQL   558
  Initializing the Data Directory in PostgreSQL   558
  Creating a Database in PostgreSQL   559
  Creating Database Users in PostgreSQL   559
  Deleting Database Users in PostgreSQL   560
  Granting and Revoking Privileges in PostgreSQL   561
Database Clients   561
  SSH Access to a Database   562
  Local GUI Client Access to a Database   563  
  Web Access to a Database   563
  The MySQL Command-Line Client   564
  The PostgreSQL Command-Line Client   566
  Graphical Clients   566
References   567
28  NoSQL Databases   569
Key/Value Stores   571
  Berkeley DB   572
  Cassandra   572
  Memcached and MemcacheDB   573
  Redis   573
  Riak   574
Document Stores   574
  CouchDB   575
  MongoDB   575
  BaseX   576
Wide Column Stores   576
  BigTable   577
  HBase   577
Graph Stores   577
  Neo4j   578
  OrientDB   578
  HyperGraphDB   578
  FlockDB   578
References   579
29  Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP)   581
Configuring the Server   582
  Creating Your Schema   582
  Populating Your Directory   584
Configuring Clients   586
  Evolution   586
  Thunderbird   587
Administration   587
References   588
30  Linux Terminal Server Project (LTSP)   589
Requirements   590
Installation   593
Using LTSP   594
References   595
31  Virtualization on Ubuntu   597
KVM   599
VirtualBox   603
VMware   605
Xen   605
References   605
32  Ubuntu in the Cloud   607
Why a Cloud?   608
  Software as a Service (SaaS)   609
  Platform as a Service (PaaS).   609
  Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)   609
  Metal as a Service (MaaS)   609
  Before You Do Anything   610
Ubuntu Cloud and Eucalyptus   610
  Deploy/Install Basics: Public or Private?   612
  Public   612
  Private   613
  A euca2ools Primer   616
Ubuntu Cloud and OpenStack   618
  Compute Infrastructure (Nova)   618
  Storage Infrastructure (Swift)   619
  Imaging Service (Glance)   619
  Installation   619
  Creating an Image   629
  Instance Management   632
  Storage Management   633
  Network Management   633
  An OpenStack Commands Primer   634
  Learning More   634
Juju   634
  Getting Started   635
  Charms   638
Landscape   640
References   640
33  Managing Sets of Servers   641
Juju 641
Puppet   642
Chef 642
CFEngine 643
Landscape 643
References   643
Part V Programming Linux
34  Opportunistic Development   645
Version Control Systems   646
  Managing Software Projects with Subversion   646
  Managing Software Projects with Bazaar   647
  Managing Software Projects with Mercurial   648
  Managing Software Projects with Git   649
Introduction to Opportunistic Development   650
Launchpad   651
Quickly   653
Ground Control   657
Bikeshed and Other Tools   661
References   663
35  Helping with Ubuntu Development   665
Introduction to Ubuntu Development   666
Setting Up Your Development System   667
  Install Basic Packages and Configure 667
  Create a Launchpad Account   668
  Set Up Your Environment to Work with Launchpad   668
Fixing Bugs and Packaging   670
Finding Bugs to Fix with Harvest   673
Masters of the Universe   673
References   673
36  Helping with Ubuntu Testing and QA   675
Community Teams   675
  Ubuntu Testing Team   676
  QA Team   676
Bug Squad   677
Test Drive   677
References   680
37  Using Perl   681
Using Perl with Linux   . 681
  Perl Versions   682
  A Simple Perl Program   682
Perl Variables and Data Structures   684
  Perl Variable Types   685
  Special Variables   685
Operators   686
  Comparison Operators   686
  Compound Operators   687
  Arithmetic Operators   687
  Other Operators   688
  Special String Constants   688
Conditional Statements: if/else and unless   689
  If.   689
  unless   690
Looping   690
  For   690
  Foreach   691
  While   691
  until    692
  last and next   692
  do ... while and do ... until   692
Regular Expressions   693
Access to the Shell   694
Modules and CPAN   695
Code Examples   695
  Sending Mail   695
  Purging Logs   697
  Posting to Usenet   698
  One-Liners   699
  Command-Line Processing   700
References   700
38  Using Python   703
Python on Linux   704
The Basics of Python   705
  Numbers   705
  More on Strings   707
  Lists   710
  Dictionaries   712
  Conditionals and Looping   713
Functions    715
Object Orientation   716
  Class and Object Variables   717
  Constructors and Destructors   718
  Class Inheritance   719
The Standard Library and the Python Package Index   721
References   721
39  Using PHP   723
Introduction to PHP   724
  Entering and Exiting PHP Mode   724
  Variables   724
  Arrays   726
  Constants   728
  References   728
  Comments   729
  Escape Sequences   729
  Variable Substitution   730
  Operators   731
  Conditional Statements   733
  Special Operators   734
  Switching   735
  Loops   737
  Including Other Files   739
Basic Functions   740
  Strings   740
  Arrays   743
  Files   745
  Miscellaneous   747
Handling HTML Forms   751
Databases   751
References   754
40   C/C++ Programming Tools for Ubuntu   755
Programming in C with Linux 756
Using the C Programming Project Management Tools Provided with Ubuntu 757
  Building Programs with make 757
  Using Makefiles 757
  Using the autoconf Utility to Configure Code 759
  Debugging Tools 760
Using the GNU C Compiler 761
Graphical Development Tools 762
  Using the KDevelop Client 762
  The Glade Client for Developing in GNOME 763
References 764
41  Using Other Popular Programming Languages   767
Ada   768
Clojure   768
COBOL   769
Erlang   770
Forth   770
Go   771
Fortran   771
Groovy   771
Haskell   772
Java   772
JavaScript   772
Lisp   773
Lua   773
Mono   774
Ruby   774
Rust   775
Scala   775
Scratch   776
Vala   776
References   776
42  Beginning Mobile Development for Android   779
Introduction to Android   780
  Hardware   780
  Linux Kernel   780
  Libraries   780
  Android Runtime   780
  Application Framework   780
  Applications   781
Installing the Android SDK   781
  Install Java   781
  Install Eclipse   781
  Install the SDK   781
  Install the ADT Eclipse Plug-In   782
  Install Other Components   782
 Install Virtual Devices   783
Create Your First Application   784
References   785
Part VI Appendices
A  Ubuntu Under the Hood   787
What Is Linux?   787
Why Use Linux?   788
What Is Ubuntu?   790
Ubuntu for Business    791
Ubuntu in Your Home   792
64-Bit Ubuntu   793
Getting the Most from Ubuntu and Linux Documentation   793
Ubuntu Developers and Documentation   795
References   795
B  Ubuntu and Linux Internet Resources   797
Websites and Search Engines   798
  Web Search Tips   798
  Google Is Your Friend   799
  Ubuntu Package Listings   799
  Certification   799
  Commercial Support   800
  Documentation   800
  Linux Guides   800
  Ubuntu   801
  Mini-CD Linux Distributions   801
  Various Intel-Based Linux Distributions   802
  PowerPC-Based Linux Distributions   802
  Linux on Laptops and PDAs   802
  The X Window System   803
Usenet Newsgroups   803
Mailing Lists   804
  Ubuntu Project Mailing Lists   805
Internet Relay Chat   805
Index   807