Discrete Systems

1 Discrete Models in Systems Engineering.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Some Illustrative Examples.- 1.3 Objectives and Outline of the Book.- 1.4 References.- 2 Representation of Discrete Control Systems.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Transfer Functions.- 2.3 Difference Equations.- 2.4. Discrete State Equations.- 2.5 Modal Decomposition.- 2.6 Concluding Remarks.- 2.7 Problems.- 2.8 References.- 3 Structural Properties.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Controllability.- 3.3 Observability.- 3.4. Stability.- 3.5 Remarks.- 3.6 Problems.- 3.7 References.- 4 Design of Feedback Systems.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 The Concept of Linear Feedback.- 4.3 Deadbeat Controllers.- 4.4 Development of Reduced-Order Models.- 4.5 Control Systems with Slow and Fast Modes.- 4.6 Concluding Remarks.- 4.7 Problems.- 4.8 References.- 5 Control of Systems with Inaccessible States.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 State Reconstruction Schemes.- 5.3 Observer-Based Controllers.- 5.4 Two-Level Observation Structures.- 5.5 Discrete Two-Time-Scale Systems.- 5.6 Concluding Remarks.- 5.7 Problems.- 5.8 References.- 6 State and Parameter Estimation.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Random Variables and Gauss-Markov Processes.- 6.3 Linear Discrete Models with Random Inputs.- 6.4 The Kalman Filter.- 6.5 Decentralised Computation of the Kalman Fikter.- 6.6 Parameter Estimation.- 6.7 Problems.- 6.8 References.- 7 Adaptive Control Systems.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Basic Concepts of Model Reference Adaptive Systems.- 7.3 Design Techniques.- 7.4 Self-Tuning Regulators.- 7.5 Concluding Remarks.- 7.6 Problems.- 7.7 References.- 8 Dynamic Optimisation.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 The Dynamic Optimisation Problem.- 8.3 Linear-Quadratic Discrete Regulators.- 8.4 Numerical Algorithms for the Discrete Riccati Equation.- 8.5 Hierarchical Optimization Methodology.- 8.6 Decomposition-Decentralisation Approach.- 8.7 Concluding Remarks.- 8.8 Problems.- 8.9 References.