Renal Calculus

1: Epidemiology of Urolithiasis.- I. Early Cases of Vesical Calculus.- II. Ethnic Considerations.- III. Climate.- IV. Occupation.- V. Incidence of Stone in Countries with Different Degrees of Economic Development.- VI. The Stone Wave in Central Europe.- References.- 2: Pathology of the Stone-Bearing Kidney.- I. Theories of Renal Stone Formation.- II. General Structure of Renal Calculi.- III. Components of Renal Calculi.- IV. Morbid Anatomy.- References.- 3: Intrarenal, Pararenal and Ureteric Disorders Complicated by Renal Calculi and Calcification.- I. Renal and Ureteric Stone and Obstructive Conditions in the Urinary Tract.- II. Renal Calculi and Cystic Conditions of the Kidney.- III. Renal and Ureteric Calculi Associated with Other Congenital Anomalies of the Urinary Tract.- IV. Metaplastic Conditions and Tumours of the Kidney, the Ureter, and Calculi.- V. Renal Tubular Acidosis.- VI. Infective Conditions of the Kidney and Calculous Disease.- References.- 4: Some Extrarenal Diseases Associated with Renal Stone or Nephrocalcinosis.- I. Primary Hyperparathyroidism.- II. Immobilization Osteoporosis and Recumbency Urolithiasis.- III. Diseases of Other Ductless Glands.- IV. Sarcoidosis.- V. Paget's Disease.- VI. Myelomatosis.- VII. Wilson's Disease.- VIII. Ureterocolic Anastomosis, Ileal Ureterostomy and Cutaneous Ureterostomy.- IX. Renal Calculi Complicating Renal Transplants.- References.- 5: Renal Calculi and Nephrocalcinosis Contributed to by Ingestion of Certain Substances: Environmental Calculosis.- I. Silicate Calculi.- II. The Sulphonamides.- III. Renal Papillary Necrosis: Phenacetin Addiction.- IV. Nephrolithiasis and Chronic Peptic Ulcer.- V. Chronic Glomerulonephritis and Excessive Ingestion of Milk.- VI. Beryllium Poisoning.- VII. Cadmium Poisoning.- VII.Food Emulsifiers.- References.- 6: Levels of the Principal Crystalloids in the Urine of Patients with Calcium-Containing Calculi.- I. Urinary Calcium.- II. Urinary Phosphate.- III. Urinary Oxalate.- IV. Urinary Crystalluria.- References.- 7: Primary Hyperoxaluria and Related Conditions.- I. Primary Hyperoxaluria.- II. Related Conditions.- References.- 8: Idiopathic Hypercalciuria.- I. Clinical Features and Diagnosis.- II. Pathogenesis.- III. Treatment: Measures to Reduce Urinary Calcium.- References.- 9: Chemical Substances in Urine Promoting or Preventing Renal Stone.- I. Some Chemical Substances and Their Relation to Renal Stone Formation.- II. Inhibitors of Calcification.- References.- 10: Clinical Picture of Renal and Ureteric Calculus.- I. Etiological Factors.- II. Clinical Course of Renal Stone Relative to Time.- III. Clinical Course of Renal Stone and Associated Factors.- IV. Clinical Symptoms of Renal and Ureteric Calculi.- V. Clinical Differential Diagnosis of Renal and Ureteric Calculi.- VI. Investigation.- VII. Urolithiasis in Children.- VIII. Renal and Ureteric Calculus in Pregnancy.- References.- 11: Some General Considerations in the Surgical Treatment of Renal and Ureteric Stone.- I. Blood Supply of the Kidney.- II. Amount of Renal Tissue Needed to Sustain Life.- III. Compensatory Hypertrophy of the Kidney Following Nephrectomy.- IV. Recovery of Function After Ureteric Obstruction.- V. Prevention of Infection.- VI. Temporary Control of Bleeding.- VII. Cooling Techniques.- VIII. Radiography of the Exposed Kidney.- IX. Closure of the Wound.- References.- 12: The Conservative Treatment of Renal and Ureteric Calculi.- I. Conservative Treatment.- II. Attempted Dissolution of Renal Calculi.- III. Perureteral Instrumental Methods for the Treatment of Ureteric Stone.- References.- 13: Operative Treatment of Renal and Ureteric Calculi.- I. Simple Pyelolithotomy and Its Variants.- II. Nephrolithotomy.- III. Partial Nephrectomy.- IV. Ureterolithotomy.- V. Nephrectomy and Nephroureterectomy.- VI. Nephrostomy and Pyelostomy for Calculous Pyonephrosis.- References.- 14: Special Groups of Cases of Stone and Their Treatment.- I. Treatment of Bilateral Renal and Ureteric Calculi.- II. Treatment of Stone in a Solitary Kidney.- III. Secondary Operations for Renal and Ureteric Calculi.- IV. Recurrence of Calcium-Containing Stone in the Upper Urinary Tract After Operation.- V. Serious Cases of Renal Calculous Disease.- VI. Treatment of Infection in the Calculous Urinary Tract.- VII. Medical Treatment of Calcium Phosphate-Containing Calculi.- VIII. Earlier Non-surgical Measures.- References.- 15: Uric Acid Calculi.- I. Pathology.- II. Clinical Picture.- III. Investigation.- IV. Treatment.- References.- 16: Cystinuria and Cystine Lithiasis.- I. Incidence of Cystinuria.- II. Cystinuria and Cystine Urolithiasis in Childhood.- III. Pathology.- IV. Pathogenesis and Genetics of Cystinuria.- V. Clinical Picture.- VI. Treatment.- VII. Cystinuria in Animals.- References.- 17: Xanthine Calculi and Xanthinuria.- I. Xanthinuria and Xanthine Oxidase.- II. Xanthine Stone.- III. Clinical Picture.- IV. Genetic Considerations.- V. Treatment.- References.