TeX in Practice

10 Building Paragraphs in TEX.- 10.1 The Basics.- 10.1.1 Spaces, Returns, etc..- 10.1.2 The Basics of Processing a Paragraph.- 10.1.3 The Operation of the Line Breaking Algorithm.- 10.2 Parameters Defining Paragraph Shapes.- 10.3 Paragraphs and Vboxes.- 10.3.1 Centering a Paragraph Enclosed in a Vbox.- 10.3.2 A Paragraph with a Predetermined First Line.- 10.4 Starting a Paragraph.- 10.4.1 Ways to Start a Paragraph.- 10.4.2 Computations Performed by TEX at the Beginning of a Paragraph.- 10.5 Ending a Paragraph.- 10.5.1 The /par-Primitive, /endgraf.- 10.5.2 Computations Performed at the End of a Paragraph.- 10.6 Indenting Paragraphs, /leftskip and /rightskip.- 10.6.1 Applications of /leftskip and /rightskip.- 10.6.2 Changing /leftskip and /rightskip.- 10.6.3 The Definition of Macro /narrower.- 10.6.4 Negative /leftskip and /rightskip.- 10.7 Paragraph Indentation, /parindent.- 10.7.1 Suppressing Paragraph Indentation, /noindent.- 10.7.2 The Meaning of the Primitive /indent.- 10.7.3 Negative Paragraph Indentation.- 10.7.4 Using Negative Paragraph Indentation for Typesetting a Bibliography.- 10.7.5 Using Negative Paragraph Indentation for Typesetting Dictionaries.- 10.7.6 Using Negative Paragraph Indentations for Lists.- 10.8 The Vertical Spacing Between Paragraphs, /parskip.- 10.8.1 Setting /parskip.- 10.8.2 An Example Involving /parskip.- 10.9 The Token Parameter /everypar.- 10.9.1 An Example of Applying /everypar.- 10.9.2 Dynamic /parskip Computations.- 10.9.3 Multiple /everypars.- 10.9.4 Suppressing the Paragraph Indentation Not Using /noindent.- 10.10 User-Controlled Line Breaks.- 10.10.1 Forcing Line Breaks Using /hfil/break.- 10.10.2 Every Line Becomes a Single Paragraph.- 10.10.3 Using Hboxes.- 10.10.4 Writing Single Lines Right Justified.- 10.10.5 Horizontal Glues in User-Determined Line Breaks.- 10.10.6 A Macro for Explicit Line Breaks in the Middle of a Paragraph, //.- 10.11 /parfillskip.- 10.12 Macro for Writing Paragraph Layout Parameters to the Logfile.- 10.13 Summary.- 11 Paragraphs, Part II.- 11.1 Generating Lists.- 11.1.1 Item Labels Left of a Paragraph, Left Flush.- 11.1.2 Item Labels Left of a Paragraph, Right Flush.- 11.1.3 Macros for Printing Lists.- 11.1.4 An Example Using the Preceding Macros.- 11.1.5 Selecting Proper Dimensions.- 11.1.6 How To Handle Item Labels That Are Too Wide.- 11.1.7 The Automatic Numbering of Lists.- 11.1.8 An Interesting Variation of the List Problem.- 11.2 Improved Macros for Lists.- 11.2.1 The Macro Source Code.- 11.2.2 The Definition of the Label-Generating Macros.- 11.2.3 An Example Using the Preceding Macros.- 11.3 General List Macros.- 11.3.1 Numbered Lists.- 11.3.2 Numbered Lists in This Series.- 11.3.3 Itemized Lists, /BeginItemize, /EndItemize.- 11.3.4 Itemized Lists for This Series.- 11.3.5 An Example Application of the Preceding Macros.- 11.4 Hanging Indentations (/hangindent, /hangafter).- 11.4.1 The Counter Parameter /hangafter.- 11.4.2 The Dimension Parameter /hangindent.- 11.4.3 /hangindent and /hangafter Must Be Reloaded for Each Paragraph.- 11.4.4 Another Example of Hanging Indentation.- 11.4.5 Use of /hangafter and /hangindent to Generate Lists.- 11.4.6 Starting a Paragraph with Big Letters, /BigLetPar.- 11.4.7 Plain Format Macros /item and /itemitem.- 11.5 A Generic Heading Printing Macro.- 11.5.1 The Parameters of /GenericHeading.- 11.5.2 Token Register /EveryHeading.- 11.5.3 Controlling Linebreaks.- 11.5.4 Running Heads.- 11.5.5 The Macro Source Code.- 11.5.6 An Example Using the Preceding Macro.- 11.6 Using /leftskip and /rightskip with Stretchability.- 11.6.1 Ragged Right and Ragged Left Text, /raggedright.- 11.6.2 Automatically Centered Text.- 11.6.3 The Definition of /BeginCenter and /EndCenter.- 11.7 Summary.- 12 Paragraphs, Part III.- 12.1 General Paragraph Shapes, /parshape.- 12.1.1 A First /parshape Example.- 12.1.2 Another /parshape Example.- 12.1.3 An Extended /parshape Command, /XParShape.- 12.2 Timing Issues in Paragraph Parameters.- 12.3 Vertical Material Trickery, /vadjust.- 12.3.1 Applications of /vadjust.- 12.3.2 /vadjust for Inserting Figures.- 12.4 Table of Contents Typesetting.- 12.4.1 The Definition of Macro /GenTocEntry.- 12.4.2 An Example.- 12.4.3 Table of Contents Printing for This Series.- 12.4.4 List of Figure and List of Table Printing for This Series.- 12.5 /prevgraf.- 12.5.1 A Macro To Determine the Number of Lines of a Paragraph, /GetNumberOfLines.- 12.5.2 Setting /prevgraf.- 12.6 Now It Is Playtime.- 12.6.1 Hanging Indentation, Margins Moved In.- 12.6.2 Hanging Indentation, Ragged Right.- 12.6.3 Showing Bad Typesetting.- 12.6.4 First Line Special, /FirstLineSpecial.- 12.7 The Line Breaking Algorithm and Hyphenation.- 12.7.1 Tracing Line Break Computations, /tracingparagraphs.- 12.7.2 A Two Pass Algorithm.- 12.7.3 The /showhyphens Command.- 12.7.4 How TEX Determines the Hyphenation of a Word, /-, /discretionary.- 12.7.5 Making the Plain Format Multilingual.- 12.7.6 The Hyphenation Character, /hyphenchar.- 12.7.7 Default Hyphen Character, /defaulthyphenchar.- 12.7.8 /uchyph.- 12.7.9 Fine Points About the Line Breaking Algorithm.- 12.7.10 Penalties Associated with Line Break Computations.- 12.7.11 Turning Off Hyphenation.- 12.7.12 Hyphenation of Compound Words, /hyph, /slash.- 12.7.13 Print Hyphenation of a Word, /PrintHyphens.- 12.7.14 Hyphenation, This Series.- 12.7.15 Demerits and Additional Parameters in the Typesetting of a Paragraph.- 12.8 Various Topics.- 12.8.1 /looseness.- 12.8.2 Typesetting Narrow Columns.- 12.8.3 Additional Stretchability, /emergencystretch.- 12.8.4 The Input Form of Paragraphs.- 12.9 Summary.- 13 Typesetting Math Equations with TEX.- 13.1 Basics of Typesetting Mathematical Equations.- 13.1.1 Math Mode and Display Math Mode.- 13.1.2 General Rules for the Math Modes.- 13.1.3 Error Confinement: No Empty Lines in Math Formulas.- 13.1.4 Beginning and Ending Mathematical Equations.- 13.1.5 Superscripts and Subscripts.- 13.1.6 Error Confinement: Superscript and Subscript Related.- 13.2 Special Math Symbols and Characters.- 13.2.1 The Processing of Mathematical Equations in TEX.- 13.2.2 Variables in Math Equations.- 13.2.3 Lowercase Greek Letters.- 13.2.4 Uppercase Greek Letters.- 13.2.5 Other Alphabets.- 13.2.6 Miscellaneous Symbols of Type Ord.- 13.2.7 Binary Operations (Type Bin).- 13.2.8 Relational Operations (Type Rel).- 13.2.9 Arrows.- 13.2.10 Special Symbols.- 13.2.11 Overline and Underline.- 13.2.12 Text in Math Modes.- 13.3 Fractions and Fraction-Like Constructs.- 13.3.1 Fractions with /over.- 13.3.2 /atop, /choose and /above.- 13.3.3 General Fractions.- 13.3.4 Entering Fractions.- 13.3.5 Another Way of Entering Fractions, /frac.- 13.3.6 Using a Slash Instead of Fractions.- 13.3.7 Stacked Superscripts and Subscripts.- 13.4 Math Accents.- 13.4.1 Simple Math Accents.- 13.4.2 Wide Accents.- 13.5 Large Operators.- 13.5.1 Summation.- 13.5.2 Integral Signs.- 13.5.3 Changing the Positions of Large Operator-Related Subscripts and Superscripts, /limits and /nolimits.- 13.5.4 Roots and Square Roots, /sqrt, /root.- 13.6 Delimiters.- 13.6.1 Explicit Specification of the Size of a Delimiter.- 13.6.2 Implicit Specification of the Size of a Delimiter.- 13.6.3 An Example using /left and /right.- 13.6.4 Why and When is Explicit Size Specification Needed?.- 13.6.5 Fine Points in the Computation of Delimiter Sizes, / delimitershortfall,/delimiterfactor.- 13.7 Horizontal Spacing in Math Modes.- 13.7.1 Changing Spacing by Hand.- 13.7.2 Instances Where Corrections in the Horizontal Spacing May Be Appropriate.- 13.8 Inline Mathmode.- 13.8.1 Horizontal Glue Around Inline Equations, /mathsurround, /m@th.- 13.8.2 Linebreaks in Inline Equations, /relpenalty, /binoppenalty.- 13.9 Summary.- 14 More on Math.- 14.1 Converting Math Formulas Into Printed Output.- 14.1.1 A Math List Example, /showlists.- 14.1.2 The Building of a Math List.- 14.2 A Closer Look at Atoms.- 14.3 Assigning Class, Family and Character Code to a Character.- 14.3.1 Putting Together a Mathcode.- 14.3.2 Assigning Mathcodes to Characters and Control Sequences, /mathcode, /mathchar, /mathchardef.- 14.4 Style Selection in Math Modes.- 14.4.1 Styles.- 14.4.2 Styles and Sizes.- 14.4.3 Rules for the Selection of Styles.- 14.4.4 Manual Style Selections.- 14.4.5 Making Up Your Own Symbols, /mathchoice, /mathpalette.- 14.5 Fonts and Font Families in Math Mode.- 14.5.1 Loading Math Fonts in the Plain Format.- 14.5.2 The Fonts of a Family, /textfont, /scriptfont, /scriptscriptfont.- 14.5.3 The Meaning of the Various Font Families.- 14.5.4 Relating Sizes and Fonts, /newfam.- 14.5.5 Integer Parameter /fam, Special Class 7.- 14.5.6 The Math Family Definitions of the Plain Format.- 14.5.7 Redefining Math Font Families.- 14.5.8 Adding Fonts to Math Mode.- 14.5.9 /defaultskewchar.- 14.6 Braces.- 14.6.1 Braces for Set Definitions.- 14.6.2 Braces in Describing "Cases" in Math Formulas, /cases.- 14.6.3 Braces Above and Below Formulas, /overbrace and /underbrace.- 14.7 Vertical Spacing, Phantoms, Struts in Math Formulas.- 14.8 How to Input Mathematical Equations.- 14.8.1 Empty Lines Before and After Displayed Equations.- 14.8.2 Recommendations for How to Write Readable Math Source Code.- 14.8.3 An Example.- 14.8.4 Building a Formula Step-By-Step Using Macros.- 14.8.5 Stepwise Refinement.- 14.9 Display Math Mode.- 14.9.1 Vertical Glue and Penalty Parameters, Associated with Display Math Mode.- 14.9.2 Equation Numbers, /eqno, /leqno.- 14.9.3 The Horizontal Positioning of Displayed Equations.- 14.9.4 More Display Mode Related Parameters, /predisplaysize, /displaywidth and /displaysize.- 14.10 Multiline Displays.- 14.10.1 Multiline Displays Without Equation Numbers.- 14.10.2 Multiline Displays With Equation Numbers.- 14.10.3 Matrices.- 14.11 Token Parameters /everymath and /everydisplay.- 14.12 Single and Double Math Shift Characters.- 14.13 Summary.- 15 Fonts in TEX.- 15.1 Magnification.- 15.1.1 Specifying Magnifications in TEX.- 15.1.2 Setting the Global Magnification, /mag.- 15.1.3 Unmagnified or true Dimensions.- 15.1.4 /magnification.- 15.2 The Basics of the Handling of Fonts by TEX.- 15.2.1 /nullfont.- 15.2.2 Character Codes.- 15.2.3 Characters Are Horizontal Boxes in TEX.- 15.2.4 Determining the Sizes of Characters in a Font, /ReportCharSize.- 15.2.5 A Macro to Print the Character Sizes of All Characters of a Particular Font, /TfmSizeTable.- 15.2.6 Determining the Length of a String, /StringLength.- 15.2.7 The Loading of Fonts by Loading TFM Files.- 15.2.8 The Information Stored in TFM Files.- 15.2.9 The Instruction /font Loads a Font.- 15.2.10 Changing Fonts Using Grouping.- 15.2.11 Loading Fonts Magnified, /font /xx = cm... scaled.- 15.2.12 Loading Fonts Magnified Using "at xpt".- 15.2.13 Looking at Global and Font Magnification Together.- 15.2.14 A Font Magnification Table.- 15.2.15 Font Dimension Parameters, /fontdimen.- 15.2.16 The /fontname Instruction.- 15.3 The Fonts of TEX.- 15.3.1 Some Basic Typesetting Terminology.- 15.3.2 METAFONT and the Computer Modern Fonts.- 15.3.3 An Overview of Font Types Used With TEX.- 15.3.4 The Computer Modern Text Fonts.- 15.3.5 Standard Computer Modern Text Fonts, /rm, /bf, /it, /tt.- 15.3.6 Italic Correction.- 15.4 Font Sizes and Line Spacing.- 15.4.1 Font Sizes.- 15.4.2 Typical Font Sizes.- 15.4.3 Line Spacing, Leading, /baselineskip.- 15.5 Fonts in the Plain Format.- 15.5.1 The Fonts Loaded by the Plain Format.- 15.5.2 Font Changing Macros of the Plain Format.- 15.6 Summary.- 16 More on Fonts in TEX.- 16.1 A Sophisticated Way of Organizing Fonts.- 16.1.1 Safe Loading of Fonts, /NewFont.- 16.1.2 Loading Fonts on Demand.- 16.1.3 Font Substitution, the Definition of /SubstituteFontX.- 16.1.4 Another Font Substitution Macro.- 16.1.5 Grouping Fonts by Font Sizes.- 16.1.6 Font Size Change Instructions and Typeface Change Instructions.- 16.1.7 Font Size Grouping Macros, /DefineFontSizeGroup.- 16.1.8 Logical Font Size Names.- 16.1.9 An Example Application.- 16.1.10 Extension and Discussion of the Discussed Font Organization.- 16.2 Interword Spacing.- 16.2.1 Spaces in the Text Are Translated into Interword Glue.- 16.2.2 Typesetting a Paragraph.- 16.2.3 A Summary of The Rules About Interword Space Computation.- 16.2.4 An Example of User-Defined /spaceskip.- 16.2.5 French Spacing, Extended Space, /frenchspacing, /nonfrenchspacing.- 16.2.6 Another Look at /spaceskip.- 16.2.7 Space Factor Computation, /spacefactor, /sfcode.- 16.2.8 The Definitions of Macros /frenchspacing and /nonfrenchspacing.- 16.2.9 The Implicit Globalness of Space Factor Computations, /SaveSpaceFactor, /RestoreSpaceFactor.- 16.2.10 Another Look at Extended Spaces and Periods.- 16.2.11 "Characters Per Pica".- 16.3 Printing Fonts Used in TEX Documents.- 16.3.1 Raster Output Devices.- 16.3.2 Source of Pixel of Fonts in TEX Documents.- 16.3.3 Pixel Files of METAFONT-Based Fonts.- 16.3.4 GF Files.- 16.3.5 The Numerical File Extension.- 16.3.6 PK Files.- 16.3.7 PXL Files.- 16.4 Ligatures, Kerning.- 16.4.1 Ligatures.- 16.4.2 Kerning.- 16.4.3 Suppressing Ligatures and Kerning.- 16.4.4 A Ligature and Kerning Related Example.- 16.5 Accents in Text.- 16.5.1 /accent to Generate an Accent.- 16.5.2 The Accent Definitions of the Plain. Format.- 16.5.3 Dotless Characters.- 16.6 Character Codes.- 16.6.1 /char.- 16.6.2 Computing the Character Code.- 16.6.3 TEX Fonts Usually Have 128 Characters.- 16.6.4 Unavailable Characters, /tracinglostchars.- 16.7 Underlining.- 16.8 Standard Font Table Macros.- 16.8.1 Macro Source Code.- 16.8.2 Font Table Print Example.- 16.9 "Comparative" Font Tables.- 16.9.1 A Brief Explanation of the Font Tables.- 16.9.2 Macros Used to Print the Font Tables.- 16.10 "External" Fonts.- 16.10.1 PostScript Fonts.- 16.10.2 Third Party Fonts.- 16.11 Summary.- 17 In and Around TEX.- 17.1 TEX Program Variants.- 17.1.1 Explaining initex and virtex, plain.tex, /dump.- 17.1.2 Commands tex, latex, amstex.- 17.1.3 Performance Comparison of initex versus virtex.- 17.2 METAFONT.- 17.2.1 The Interfacing of TEX and METAFONT.- 17.2.2 tfm File-Related Utilities, tftopl, pltotf.- 17.3 The WEB System.- 17.3.1 Combining Documentation and Programming, weave and tangle.- 17.3.2 Porting WEB Programs, Change Files.- 17.4 Environment Variables and Logical Names.- 17.4.1 Listing the Relevant Environment Variables.- 17.4.2 Sample Settings of TEX's Environment Variables.- 17.5 What TEX Is Not Designed To Do.- 17.6 Utilities.- 17.7 Device Drivers, DVI Files.- 17.8 Checksums.- 17.9 TEX-Related File Types.- 17.10 The Version Number of the Plain Format Source Code.- 17.11 Summary.- Source Code File Index.