Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Circuits (eBook)

Front cover 1
About the Authors 5
Title page 6
Copyright page 7
Table of contents 10
Preface 20
APPROACH 20
OVERVIEW 22
COURSE ORGANIZATION 24
WEB SUPPLEMENTS 24
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 25
1 The Circuit Abstraction 26
1.1 THE POWER OF ABSTRACTION 28
1.2 THE LUMPED CIRCUIT ABSTRACTION 30
1.3 THE LUMPED MATTER DISCIPLINE 34
1.4 LIMITATIONS OF THE LUMPED CIRCUIT ABSTRACTION 38
1.5 PRACTICAL TWO-TERMINAL ELEMENTS 40
1.6 IDEAL TWO-TERMINAL ELEMENTS 54
1.7 MODELING PHYSICAL ELEMENTS 61
1.8 SIGNAL REPRESENTATION 65
1.9 SUMMARY 71
EXERCISES 73
PROBLEMS 74
2 Resistive Networks 76
2.1 TERMINOLOGY 79
2.2 KIRCHHOFF’S LAWS 80
2.3 CIRCUIT ANALYSIS: BASIC METHOD 91
2.4 INTUITIVE METHOD OF CIRCUIT ANALYSIS: SERIES AND PARALLEL SIMPLIFICATION 114
2.5 MORE CIRCUIT EXAMPLES 120
2.6 DEPENDENT SOURCES AND THE CONTROL CONCEPT 123
2.7 A FORMULATION SUITABLE FOR A COMPUTER SOLUTION 132
2.8 SUMMARY 133
EXERCISES 134
PROBLEMS 136
3 Network Theorems 142
3.1 INTRODUCTION 144
3.2 THE NODE VOLTAGE 144
3.3 THE NODE METHOD 150
3.4 LOOP METHOD 170
3.5 SUPERPOSITION 170
3.6 THÉVENIN’S THEOREM AND NORTON’S THEOREM 182
3.7 SUMMARY 202
EXERCISES 203
PROBLEMS 209
4 Analysis of Nonlinear Circuits 216
4.1 INTRODUCTION TO NONLINEAR ELEMENTS 218
4.2 ANALYTICAL SOLUTIONS 222
4.3 GRAPHICAL ANALYSIS 228
4.4 PIECEWISE LINEAR ANALYSIS 231
4.5 INCREMENTAL ANALYSIS 239
4.6 SUMMARY 254
EXERCISES 255
PROBLEMS 258
5 The Digital Abstraction 266
5.1 VOLTAGE LEVELS AND THE STATIC DISCIPLINE 270
5.2 BOOLEAN LOGIC 281
5.3 COMBINATIONAL GATES 283
5.4 STANDARD SUM-OF-PRODUCTS REPRESENTATION 286
5.5 SIMPLIFYING LOGIC EXPRESSIONS 287
5.6 NUMBER REPRESENTATION 292
5.7 SUMMARY 299
EXERCISES 299
PROBLEMS 303
6 The MOSFET Switch 308
6.1 THE SWITCH 310
6.2 LOGIC FUNCTIONS USING SWITCHES 313
6.3 THE MOSFET DEVICE AND ITS S MODEL 313
6.4 MOSFET SWITCH IMPLEMENTATION OF LOGIC GATES 316
6.5 STATIC ANALYSIS USING THE S MODEL 321
6.6 THE SR MODEL OF THE MOSFET 325
6.7 PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF THE MOSFET 326
6.8 STATIC ANALYSIS USING THE SR MODEL 331
6.9 SIGNAL RESTORATION, GAIN, AND NONLINEARITY 339
6.10 POWER CONSUMPTION I N LOGIC GATES 345
6.11 ACTIVE PULLUPS 346
6.12 SUMMARY 347
EXERCISES 347
PROBLEMS 349
7 The MOSFET Amplifier 354
7.1 SIGNAL AMPLIFICATION 356
7.2 REVIEW OF DEPENDENT SOURCES 357
7.3 ACTUAL MOSFET CHARACTERISTICS 360
7.4 THE SWITCH-CURRENT SOURCE (SCS) MOSFET MODEL 365
7.5 THE MOSFET AMPLIFIER 369
7.6 LARGE-SIGNAL ANALYSIS OF THE MOSFET AMPLIFIER 378
7.7 OPERATING POINT SELECTION 390
7.8 SWITCH UNIFIED (SU) MOSFET MODEL 411
7.9 SUMMARY 414
EXERCISES 415
PROBLEMS 419
8 The Small-signal Model 428
8.1 OVERVIEW OF THE NONLINEAR MOSFET AMPLIFIER 430
8.2 THE SMALL-SIGNAL MODEL 430
8.3 SUMMARY 472
EXERCISES 472
PROBLEMS 475
9 Energy Storage Elements 480
9.1 CONSTITUTIVE LAWS 486
9.2 SERIES AND PARALLEL CONNECTIONS 495
9.3 SPECIAL EXAMPLES 498
9.4 SIMPLE CIRCUIT EXAMPLES 505
9.5 ENERGY, CHARGE, AND FLUX CONSERVATION 514
9.6 SUMMARY 517
EXERCISES 519
PROBLEMS 521
10 First-order Transients in Linear Electrical Networks 526
10.1 ANALYSIS OF RC CIRCUITS 529
10.2 ANALYSIS OF RL CIRCUITS 542
10.3 INTUITIVE ANALYSIS 545
10.4 PROPAGATION DELAY AND THE DIGITAL ABSTRACTION 550
10.5 STATE AND STATE VARIABLES 563
10.6 ADDITIONAL EXAMPLES 570
10.7 DIGITAL MEMORY 586
10.8 SUMMARY 593
EXERCISES 594
PROBLEMS 601
11 Energy and Power in Digital Circuits 618
11.1 POWER AND ENERGY RELATIONS FOR A SIMPLE RC CIRCUIT 620
11.2 AVERAGE POWER IN AN RC CIRCUIT 622
11.3 POWER DISSIPATION IN LOGIC GATES 629
11.4 NMOS LOGIC 636
11.5 CMOS LOGIC 636
11.6 SUMMARY 643
EXERCISES 643
PROBLEMS 645
12 Transients in Second-order Circuits 648
12.1 UNDRIVEN LC CIRCUIT 652
12.2 UNDRIVEN, SERIES RLC CIRCUIT 665
12.3 STORED ENERGY IN TRANSIENT, SERIES RLC CIRCUIT 676
12.4 UNDRIVEN, PARALLEL RLC CIRCUIT 679
12.5 DRIVEN, SERIES RLC CIRCUIT 679
12.6 DRIVEN, PARALLEL RLC CIRCUIT 703
12.7 INTUITIVE ANALYSIS OF SECOND-ORDER CIRCUITS 703
12.8 TWO-CAPACITOR OR TWO-INDUCTOR CIRCUITS 709
12.9 STATE-VARIABLE METHOD 714
12.10 STATE-SPACE ANALYSIS 716
12.11 HIGHER-ORDER CIRCUITS 716
12.12 SUMMARY 717
EXERCISES 718
PROBLEMS 721
13 Sinusoidal Steady State: Impedance and Frequency Response 726
13.1 INTRODUCTION 728
13.2 ANALYSIS USING COMPLEX EXPONENTIAL DRIVE 731
13.3 THE BOXES: IMPEDANCE 737
13.4 FREQUENCY RESPONSE: MAGNITUDE AND PHASE VERSUS FREQUENCY 756
13.5 FILTERS 767
13.6 TIME DOMAIN VERSUS FREQUENCY DOMAIN ANALYSIS USING VOLTAGE-DIVIDER EXAMPLE 776
13.7 POWER AND ENERGY IN AN IMPEDANCE 782
13.8 SUMMARY 790
EXERCISES 792
PROBLEMS 796
14 Sinusoidal Steady State: Resonance 800
14.1 PARALLEL RLC, SINUSOIDAL RESPONSE 802
14.2 FREQUENCY RESPONSE FOR RESONANT SYSTEMS 808
14.3 SERIES RLC 826
14.4 THE BODE PLOT FOR RESONANT FUNCTIONS 833
14.5 FILTER EXAMPLES 833
14.6 STORED ENERGY IN A RESONANT CIRCUIT 841
14.7 SUMMARY 846
EXERCISES 848
PROBLEMS 851
15 The Operational Amplifier Abstraction 860
15.1 INTRODUCTION 862
15.2 DEVICE PROPERTIES OF THE OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER 864
15.3 SIMPLE OP AMP CIRCUITS 867
15.4 INPUT AND OUTPUT RESISTANCES 874
15.5 ADDITIONAL EXAMPLES 882
15.6 OP AMP RC CIRCUITS 884
15.7 OP AMP IN SATURATION 891
15.8 POSITIVE FEEDBACK 894
15.9 TWO-PORTS 897
15.10 SUMMARY 898
EXERCISES 898
PROBLEMS 906
16 Diodes 928
16.1 INTRODUCTION 930
16.2 SEMICONDUCTOR DIODE CHARACTERISTICS 930
16.3 ANALYSIS OF DIODE CIRCUITS 933
16.4 NONLINEAR ANALYSIS WITH RL AND RC 937
16.5 ADDITIONAL EXAMPLES 943
16.6 SUMMARY 944
EXERCISES 945
PROBLEMS 946
Appendix A Maxwell’s Equations and the Lumped Matter Discipline 950
A.1 THE LUMPED MATTER DISCIPLINE 952
A.2 DERIVING KIRCHHOFF’S LAWS 959
A.3 DERIVING THE RESISTANCE OF A PIECE OF MATERIAL 961
Appendix B Trigonometric Functions and Identities 964
B.1 NEGATIVE ARGUMENTS 966
B.2 PHASE-SHIFTED ARGUMENTS 967
B.3 SUM AND DIFFERENCE ARGUMENTS 967
B.4 PRODUCTS 968
B.5 HALF-ANGLE AND TWICE-ANGLE ARGUMENTS 968
B.6 SQUARES 968
B.7 MISCELLANEOUS 968
B.8 TAYLOR SERIES EXPANSIONS 969
B.9 RELATIONS TO ej. 969
Appendix C Complex Numbers 970
C.1 MAGNITUDE AND PHASE 972
C.2 POLAR REPRESENTATION 973
C.3 ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION 974
C.4 MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION 974
C.5 COMPLEX CONJUGATE 975
C.6 PROPERTIES OF ej. 976
C.7 ROTATION 976
C.8 COMPLEX FUNCTIONS OF TIME 977
C.9 NUMERICAL EXAMPLES 977
Appendix D Solving Simultaneous Linear Equations 980
Answers to Selected Problems 984
Figure Acknowledgements 996
Index 998