Computer Organization and Design (eBook)

Cover 1
Contents 6
Preface 12
Chapter 1. Computer Abstractions and Technology 20
1.1 Introduction 22
1.2 Below Your Program 30
1.3 Under the Covers 34
1.4 Real Stuff: Manufacturing Pentium 4 Chips 47
1.5 Fallacies and Pitfalls 52
1.6 Concluding Remarks 54
1.7 Historical Perspective and Further Reading 55
1.8 Exercises 55
COMPUTERS IN THE REAL WORLD Information Technology for the 4 Billion without IT 63
Chapter 2. Instructions: Language of the Computer 65
2.1 Introduction 67
2.2 Operations of the Computer Hardware 68
2.3 Operands of the Computer Hardware 71
2.4 Representing Instructions in the Computer 79
2.5 Logical Operations 87
2.6 Instructions for Making Decisions 91
2.7 Supporting Procedures in Computer Hardware 98
2.8 Communicating with People 109
2.9 MIPS Addressing for 32-Bit Immediates and Addresses 114
2.10 Translating and Starting a Program 125
2.11 How Compilers Optimize 135
2.12 How Compilers Work: An Introduction 140
2.13 A C Sort Example to Put It All Together 140
2.14 Implementing an Object-Oriented Language 149
2.15 Arrays versus Pointers 149
2.16 Real Stuff: IA-32 Instructions 153
2.17 Fallacies and Pitfalls 162
2.18 Concluding Remarks 164
2.19 Historical Perspective and Further Reading 166
2.20 Exercises 166
COMPUTERS IN THE REAL WORLD Helping Save Our Environment with Data 175
Chapter 3. Arithmetic for Computers 177
3.1 Introduction 179
3.2 Signed and Unsigned Numbers 179
3.3 Addition and Subtraction 189
3.4 Multiplication 195
3.5 Division 202
3.6 Floating Point 208
3.7 Real Stuff: Floating Point in the IA-32 236
3.8 Fallacies and Pitfalls 239
3.9 Concluding Remarks 244
3.10 Historical Perspective and Further Reading 248
3.11 Exercises 248
COMPUTERS IN THE REAL WORLD Reconstructing the Ancient World 255
Chapter 4. Assessing and Understanding Performance 257
4.1 Introduction 259
4.2 CPU Performance and Its Factors 265
4.3 Evaluating Performance 273
4.4 Real Stuff: Two SPEC Benchmarks and the Performance of Recent Intel Processors 278
4.5 Fallacies and Pitfalls 285
4.6 Concluding Remarks 289
4.7 Historical Perspective and Further Reading 291
4.8 Exercises 291
COMPUTERS IN THE REAL WORLD Moving People Faster and More Safely 299
Chapter 5. The Processor: Datapath and Control 301
5.1 Introduction 303
5.2 Logic Design Conventions 308
5.3 Building a Datapath 311
5.4 A Simple Implementation Scheme 319
5.5 A Multicycle Implementation 337
5.6 Exceptions 359
5.7 Microprogramming: Simplifying Control Design 365
5.8 An Introduction to Digital Design Using a Hardware Design Language 365
5.9 Real Stuff: The Organization of Recent Pentium Implementations 366
5.10 Fallacies and Pitfalls 369
5.11 Concluding Remarks 371
5.12 Historical Perspective and Further Reading 372
5.13 Exercises 373
COMPUTERS IN THE REAL WORLD Empowering the Disabled 385
Chapter 6. Enhancing Performance with Pipelining 387
6.1 An Overview of Pipelining 389
6.2 A Pipelined Datapath 403
6.3 Pipelined Control 418
6.4 Data Hazards and Forwarding 421
6.5 Data Hazards and Stalls 432
6.6 Branch Hazards 435
6.7 Using a Hardware Description Language to Describe and Model a Pipeline 445
6.8 Exceptions 446
6.9 Advanced Pipelining: Extracting More Performance 451
6.10 Real Stuff: The Pentium 4 Pipeline 467
6.11 Fallacies and Pitfalls 470
6.12 Concluding Remarks 471
6.13 Historical Perspective and Further Reading 473
6.14 Exercises 473
COMPUTERS IN THE REAL WORLD Mass Communication without Gatekeepers 483
Chapter 7. Large and Fast: Exploiting Memory Hierarchy 485
7.1 Introduction 487
7.2 The Basics of Caches 492
7.3 Measuring and Improving Cache Performance 511
7.4 Virtual Memory 530
7.5 A Common Framework for Memory Hierarchies 557
7.6 Real Stuff: The Pentium P4 and the AMD Opteron Memory Hierarchies 565
7.7 Fallacies and Pitfalls 569
7.8 Concluding Remarks 571
7.9 Historical Perspective and Further Reading 574
7.10 Exercises 574
COMPUTERS IN THE REAL WORLD Saving the World's Art Treasures 581
Chapter 8. Storage, Networks, and Other Peripherals 583
8.1 Introduction 585
8.2 Disk Storage and Dependability 588
8.3 Networks 599
8.4 Buses and Other Connections between Processors, Memory, and I/O Devices 600
8.5 Interfacing I/O Devices to the Processor, Memory, and Operating System 607
8.6 I/O Performance Measures: Examples from Disk and File Systems 616
8.7 Designing an I/O System 619
8.8 Real Stuff: A Digital Camera 622
8.9 Fallacies and Pitfalls 625
8.10 Concluding Remarks 628
8.11 Historical Perspective and Further Reading 630
8.12 Exercises 630
COMPUTERS IN THE REAL WORLD Saving Lives through Better Diagnosis 641
Index 662
Glossary 644
Further Reading 678