Geometrical Dimensioning and Tolerancing for Design, Manufacturing and Inspection (eBook)

Cover 1
Contents 6
Preface 12
Acknowledgements 14
Notation 15
Abbreviations 17
ISO text equivalents 18
New ISO terminology 19
Chapter 1. Properties of the Surface 22
Chapter 2. Principles for Tolerancing 27
Chapter 3. Principles for Geometrical Tolerancing 28
3.1 Symbols 28
3.2 Definitions of geometrical tolerances 30
3.3 Tolerance zone 41
3.4 Datums 49
3.5 Axes and median faces 54
3.6 Screw threads, gears and splines 57
3.7 Angularity tolerances and angular dimension tolerances 58
3.8 Twist tolerance 59
Chapter 4. Profile Tolerancing 61
Chapter 5. Tolerancing of Cones 64
5.1 General 64
5.2 Form tolerance and dimensioning of the cone 65
5.3 Tolerancing of the axial location of the cone 66
5.4 Tolerancing of the orientation and radial location of the cone 68
5.5 Related profile tolerance for tolerancing form, orientation, radial and axial location of the cone 69
5.6 Relationship between the cone tolerances 69
Chapter 6. Positional Tolerancing 72
6.1 Definition 72
6.2 Theoretical exact dimensions 72
6.3 Form of the positional tolerance zone 73
6.4 Positional tolerances on a circle 7
6.5 Positional tolerances related to a datum 7
6.6 Tolerance combinations 75
6.7 Calculation of positional tolerances 78
6.8 Advantages of positional tolerancing 81
Chapter 7. Projected Tolerance Zone 82
Chapter 8. Substitute Elements 85
8.1 General 85
8.2 Vectorial dimensioning and tolerancing 88
8.3 Comparison of the systems 99
8.4 Conversion between systems and combination of systems 107
Chapter 9. Maximum Material Requirement 108
9.1 Definitions 108
9.2 Description of the maximum material requirement 109
9.3 Application of the maximum material requirement 111
9.4 Education 122
Chapter 10. Envelope Requirement 124
10.1 Definition 124
10.2 Application of the envelope requirement 124
10.3 Cross-sections within size tolerance fields 127
Chapter 11. Least Material Requirement 129
11.1 Definitions 129
11.2 Description of Least Material Requirement 129
11.3 Application of Least Material Requirement 130
11.4 Reciprocity requirement associated with least material requirement 134
Chapter 12. Tolerancing of Flexible Parts 135
Chapter 13. Tolerance Chains (Accumulation of Tolerances) 137
Chapter 14. Statistical Tolerancing 144
Chapter 15. Respecting Gometrical Tolerances During Manufacturing 153
15.1 Manufacturing influences 153
15.2 Recommendations for manufacturing 154
Chapter 16. General Geometrical Tolerances 158
16.1 Demand for general geometrical tolerances 158
16.2 Concept of general tolerances 158
16.3 Derivation and application of general geometrical tolerances 160
16.4 Datums 168
16.5 Indication on drawings 168
16.6 Envelope requirement in addition to general form tolerances 168
16.7 Application of the general geometrical tolerances according to ISO 2768-2 169
16.8 General tolerances for castings 170
16.9 General tolerances for welded parts 171
16.10 General tolerances for parts out of plastics 172
Chapter 17. Tolerancing Principles 173
17.1 Limitation by function 173
17.2 Need for completely toleranced shape 173
17.3 Situation in the past 174
17.4 Principle of independency 175
17.5 Identification of drawings 178
17.6 Principle of dependency 179
17.7 Choice of tolerancing principle 179
Chapter 18. Inspection of Geometrical Deviations 181
18.1 General 181
18.2 Terms 182
18.3 Alignment of the workpiece 183
18.4 Interchanging the datum feature and the toleranced feature 188
18.5 Simplified inspection method 189
18.6 Evaluation of measurement 191
18.7 Methods of inspection 192
18.8 Assessment of geometrical deviations of threaded features 252
18.9 Tracing and probing strategies 256
18.10 Separation from roughness and waviness 263
18.11 Measurement uncertainty 270
Chapter 19. Function-, Manufacturing-, and Inspection-Related Geometrical Tolerancing 276
19.1 Definitions 276
19.2 Method of geometrical dimensioning and tolerancing 282
19.3 Assessment of function-related geometrical dimensioning and tolerancing 282
19.4 Assessment of the optimum geometrical dimensioning and tolerancing 283
Chapter 20. Examples of Geometrical Tolerancing 285
20.1 Restrictions of geometrical tolerances 285
20.2 Tolerances for section lines 287
20.3 Tolerances of profiles 288
20.4 Position of a plane 290
20.5 Perpendicularity tolerances in different combinations 293
20.6 Location of axes and median faces 293
20.7 Datums 301
20.8 Clearance fit 306
20.9 Interference fits and kinematics 327
20.10 Distances and thicknesses 330
20.11 Geometrical ideal form at maximum and least material sizes 335
20.12 Keyways 339
20.13 Holes for fasteners 341
20.14 Cones and wedges 341
20.15 Flexible parts 346
Chapter 21. Differences Between ISO Standards and Other Standards 348
21.1 ASME Y14.5M – 1994, ANSI B89.3.1 348
21.2 BS 308 Part 2 – 1985 366
21.3 DIN 7167 and former practices according to DIN 406 and DIN 7182 368
21.4 Former East European Standards 369
Chapter 22. Tolerancing of Edges 372
Chapter 23. ISO Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS), New Approach 376
23.1 Terms and definitions 376
23.2 Filters 380
23.3 Datums 383
23.4 Principle of independency and M or L 385
23.5 Conformance rules 387
23.6 New approach principles and rules 390
23.7 Application of the new approach 391
Chapter 24. Synopsis of ISO Standards 393
Standards 396
Publications 399
Index 400