Network Simulation Experiments Manual (eBook)

Front Cover 1
DNA and Biotechnology 4
Copyright Page 5
Contents 6
Acknowledgments 8
Introduction 10
Chapter 1 The Roots of DNA Research 12
LOOKING AHEAD 12
INTRODUCTION 13
DEVELOPING A THEORY OF INHERITANCE 14
RELATING DNA TO HEREDITY 20
SUMMARY 24
REVIEW 25
ADDITIONAL READING 25
WEB SITES 25
Chapter 2 The DNA Double Helix 26
LOOKING AHEAD 27
INTRODUCTION 27
THE STRUCTURE OF DNA 27
DNA REPLICATION 38
SUMMARY 47
REVIEW 47
ADDITIONAL READING 48
WEB SITES 48
Chapter 3 DNA in Action 50
LOOKING AHEAD 51
INTRODUCTION 51
FUNDAMENTAL SCIENCE CONNECTS DNA AND TRAITS 52
FRANCIS CRICK STARTS TO UNRAVEL THE GENETIC CODE 61
GENE EXPRESSION 64
RNA POLYMERASES COPY DNA INTO RNA 67
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS REQUIRES MRNA AND RIBOSOMES 76
EUKARYOTIC GENE REGULATION 84
SUMMARY 85
REVIEW 86
FOR ADDITIONAL READING 87
WEB SITES 87
Chapter 4 Tools of the DNA Trade 88
LOOKING AHEAD 88
INTRODUCTION 89
TOOLS OF GENETIC ENGINEERING 89
THE ADVENT OF RECOMBINANT DNA EXPERIMENTS 102
SUMMARY 108
REVIEW 109
ADDITIONAL READING 110
WEB SITES 110
Chapter 5 Working with DNA 112
LOOKING AHEAD 113
INTRODUCTION 113
THE BIOCHEMISTRY OF RECOMBINANT GENE EXPRESSION 113
DNA LIBRARIES STORE CLONED DNA SEQUENCES 124
EXPRESSING CLONED GENES 133
THE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR) 134
SUMMARY 136
REVIEW 136
ADDITIONAL READING 137
Chapter 6 Human Genomics 138
LOOKING AHEAD 139
INTRODUCTION 139
MODEL ORGANISMS ARE FUNDAMENTAL TO GENOMICS 140
EARLY HUMAN GENOME MAPS 145
DETERMINING THE DNA SEQUENCE OF THE ENTIRE HUMAN GENOME 146
WHAT WE LEARNED FROM THE HUMAN GENOME SEQUENCE 150
NINETY-EIGHT PERCENT OF THE HUMAN GENOME IS NONCODING DNA 153
INDIVIDUAL GENOMES AND GENETIC VARIATION 154
HUMAN AND CHIMPANZEE DNA: WHAT MAKES US HUMAN? 155
WHAT WE STILL NEED TO LEARN ABOUT THE HUMAN GENOME 156
SUMMARY 157
REVIEW 158
ADDITIONAL READING 158
WEB SITE 158
Chapter 7 Bioinformatics 160
LOOKING AHEAD 161
INTRODUCTION 161
AN EXPLOSION OF DATA FUELED THE RISE OF BIOINFORMATICS 161
SEQUENCE SIMILARITIES SUGGEST PROTEIN FUNCTION AND EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS 162
BIOLOGICAL DATA ARE ORGANIZED IN COMPUTER DATABASES 165
USING BIOINFORMATICS DATABASES 171
APPLIED BIOINFORMATICS 176
SUMMARY 181
REVIEW 181
ADDITIONAL READING 182
WEB SITES 182
Chapter 8 DNA Forensics 184
LOOKING AHEAD 184
INTRODUCTION 185
FORENSIC DNA TESTING: A POWERFUL AND VERSATILE TOOL 185
USING DNA ANALYSIS TO RECONSTRUCT THE ORIGINS OF THE HUMAN RACE 195
SUMMARY 199
REVIEW 200
ADDITIONAL READING 201
Chapter 9 Exploring Cell Fate 202
LOOKING AHEAD 203
INTRODUCTION 203
FATE 1: CELL DIVISION AND REPRODUCTION 204
CANCER CELLS GO TO THE "DARK SIDE" AND EVADE CELL CYCLE CONTROL 208
CELL-CYCLE MACHINE: CYCLINS AND CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES PROMOTE MITOSIS 211
GENES CONTROLLING CANCER: TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES AND ONCOGENES 213
CLINICAL TRIALS TO TEST HUMAN CANCER TREATMENTS 221
FATE 2: DEVELOPMENT OF SPECIALIZED CELLS 222
FATE 3: APOPTOSIS IS PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH 224
SUMMARY 225
REVIEW 225
ADDITIONAL READING 226
WEB SITES 226
Chapter 10 Human Genetic Diseases 228
LOOKING AHEAD 229
INTRODUCTION 229
GENETIC DISEASES ARE CAUSED BY MUTANT GENES 229
10,000 HUMAN GENES POTENTIALLY CAUSE GENETIC DISEASES 230
INCONSISTENT GENETIC TESTING LAWS 233
GENETIC DISEASES ARE FREQUENTLY CAUSED BY MORE THAN ONE GENE 234
HUMAN CHROMOSOME KARYOTYPES REVEAL GENETIC DISEASES 238
COMPARISON OF HUMAN GENOMES REVEALS IMPORTANT DNA DIFFERENCES 241
CARRIERS OF GENETIC DISEASES HAVE A MUTANT GENE BUT DO NOT GET SICK 244
AMERICANS SEEK INFORMATION ON GENES, HEALTH, AND BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH 249
SUMMARY 251
REVIEW 251
ADDITIONAL READING 251
WEB SITES 251
Chapter 11 Gene Therapy 254
LOOKING AHEAD 254
INTRODUCTION 255
GENE THERAPY: A METHOD TO RESCUE MUTANT GENES 256
POSSIBLE RISKS: THE HUMAN SIDE OF GENE THERAPY 261
SUCCESSFUL GENE THERAPY TREATMENTS FOR HUMAN GENETIC DISEASES 263
RNAi: THE FUTURE OF GENE THERAPY? 270
ENZYME REPLACEMENT THERAPY: AN ALTERNATIVE TO GENE THERAPY? 272
SUMMARY 273
REVIEW 274
ADDITIONAL READING 274
WEB SITES 275
Chapter 12 Stem Cell Research 276
LOOKING AHEAD 276
INTRODUCTION 277
STEM CELLS GENERATE NEW TYPES OF SPECIALIZED CELLS 277
THE POTENTIAL AND THE PROBLEMS OF EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS 281
REPROGRAMMED ADULT CELLS REGAIN POTENTIAL 286
INDUCED PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS 289
EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN GENOME REPROGRAMMING 289
SUMMARY 295
REVIEW 295
ADDITIONAL READING 296
WEB SITES 296
Chapter 13 Pharmaceutical Biotechnology 298
LOOKING AHEAD 298
INTRODUCTION 299
PERSONALIZED MEDICINE: DREAM OR REALITY? 301
DRUG DISCOVERY AND DEVELOPMENT 305
LAB ON A CHIP TECHNOLOGY 309
NANOTECHNOLOGY 312
NANOMEDICINE 315
FOUR-DIMENSIONAL MICROSCOPE REVOLUTIONIZES OUR VIEW 317
DNA COMPUTERS 318
SUMMARY 319
REVIEW 320
ADDITIONAL READING 320
WEB SITES 320
Chapter 14 Animal Biotechnology 322
LOOKING AHEAD 322
INTRODUCTION 323
TRANSGENIC ANIMALS ARE GENETICALLY ALTERED 323
PRODUCTS FROM TRANSGENIC ANIMALS: BIOPHARMING 330
XENOTRANSPLANTATION 334
ANIMAL CLONING 336
SUMMARY 339
REVIEW 339
ADDITIONAL READING 340
WEB SITES 340
Chapter 15 Agricultural Biotechnology 342
LOOKING AHEAD 342
INTRODUCTION 343
AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGIES 344
INSERTING GENES INTO PLANTS 345
SHOOTING GENES INTO CELLS 346
HOW AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY IS REGULATED IN THE UNITED STATES 348
WHAT HAS CAUSED RESISTANCE TO AGBIOTECH IN EUROPE? 348
NEW GENES IN THE FIELDS 348
BENEFITS OF GM CROPS 350
BIOTECHNOLOGY TOOLS HELP DIAGNOSE PLANT DISEASES AND DETECT TRANSGENES 352
BIOCONTROL ALTERNATIVES TO PESTICIDES AND FERTILIZERS 353
TERMINATOR TECHNOLOGY: ARE THE GM SEED COMPANIES EVIL OR PRUDENT? 353
BIOFUELS 355
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 358
SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE 359
SUMMARY 359
REVIEW 360
ADDITIONAL READING 360
WEB SITES 360
Chapter 16 Genes and Race 362
LOOKING AHEAD 362
INTRODUCTION 363
THE HISTORY OF RACE 364
THE GENETICS OF PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS 365
CONTROVERSIES IN HEALTH, MEDICINE, AND THE IQ TEST 368
GENES AND THE IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENT 371
WHAT CAUSES GENETIC DISEASES TO PREDOMINATE IN CERTAIN HUMAN POPULATIONS? 373
THE CONCEPTS OF RACE AND INTELLIGENCE 377
SUMMARY 378
REVIEW QUESTIONS 378
ADDITIONAL READING 378
WEB SITES 379
Glossary 380
A 380
B 380
C 381
D 382
E 382
F 383
G 383
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I 384
K 384
L 384
M 385
N 386
O 386
P 386
Q 387
R 387
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T 389
U 390
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X 390
Y 390
Z 390
Index 392
A 392
B 392
C 392
D 394
E 395
F 395
G 395
H 396
I 397
J 397
K 397
L 397
M 397
N 398
O 398
P 398
Q 399
R 399
S 400
T 400
U 400
V 400
W 401
X 401
Y 401
Z 401