Handbook of Fiber Optic Data Communication (eBook)

Cover 1
Table of contents 6
Preface to the Third Edition 10
Part I: Technology Building Blocks 14
Chapter 1: Computers Full of Light: A Short History of Optical Data Communications 16
1.1 THE OPTICAL TELEGRAPH 16
1.2 LASERS REVIVE OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS 19
Chapter 2: Optical Fiber, Cables, and Connectors 32
2.1. LIGHT PROPAGATION 32
2.2. OPTICAL FIBER CHARACTERIZATION 43
REFERENCES 54
Chapter 3: Small Form Factor Fiber-Optic Interfaces 56
3.1. INTRODUCTION 56
3.2. MT-RJ CONNECTOR 57
3.3. SC-DC 60
3.4. VF-45 62
3.5. LC CONNECTOR 64
3.6. OTHER TYPES OF SFF CONNECTORS 68
3.7. SFF, SFP, AND SFP + TRANSCEIVERS 70
3.8. COMPARISON OF SFF FORM FACTORS 73
REFERENCES 75
Chapter 4: Specialty Fiber-Optic Cables 76
4.1. INTRODUCTION: CONVENTIONAL OPTICAL FIBER 76
4.2. NEXT-GENERATION OM3 MULTIMODE FIBER 80
4.3. OPTICAL MODE CONDITIONERS 83
4.4. ATTENUATED FIBER CABLES FOR WDM AND CABLE TV 86
4.5. POLARIZATION CONTROLLING FIBERS 87
4.6. DISPERSION CONTROLLING FIBERS 90
4.7. PHOTOSENSITIVE FIBERS 94
4.8. ACTIVE OPTICAL CABLES 95
REFERENCES 96
Case Study: Multimode Fiber Reuse for High-Speed Storage Area Networks 100
REFERENCES 103
Chapter 5: Optical Sources: Light-Emitting Diodes and Laser Technology 104
5.1. INTRODUCTION 104
5.2. TECHNOLOGY FUNDAMENTALS 104
5.3. DEVICE STRUCTURE„LED 112
5.4. DEVICE STRUCTURE„LASERS 113
REFERENCES 138
Chapter 6: Detectors for Fiber Optics 146
6.1. DETECTOR TERMINOLOGY AND CHARACTERISTICS 146
6.2. PIN PHOTODIODE 151
6.3. OTHER DETECTORS 160
6.4. NOISE 168
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 174
REFERENCES 174
Chapter 7: Receiver Logic and Drive Circuitry 176
7.1. SYSTEM OVERVIEW 176
7.2. ELECTRICAL INTERFACE 178
7.3. OPTICAL INTERFACE 179
7.4. LINEAR AND LIMITING RECEIVERS 185
REFERENCES 188
Chapter 8: Optical Subassemblies 190
8.1. FUNCTION OF THE OPTICAL SUBASSEMBLY 190
8.2. BASIC PROPERTIES OF THE TRANSMITTER OSA 191
8.3. BASIC PROPERTIES OF THE RECEIVER OSA 192
8.4. COUPLING RADIATION FROM A LASER DIODE INTO A FIBER 192
8.5. COUPLING RADIATION FROM A FIBER INTO A PHOTODETECTOR 196
8.6. PACKAGING OF OPTICAL SUBASSEMBLIES 198
8.7. OPTICAL SUBASSEMBLIES FOR PARALLEL OPTICAL LINKS 201
8.8. OUTLOOK 203
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 204
REFERENCES 204
Chapter 9: Alignment Metrology and Manufacturing 206
9.1. INTRODUCTION 206
9.2. INTERFACE DEFINITION AND IMPORTANCE 206
9.3. LIGHT COUPLING 207
9.4. ELEMENTS OF COUPLED POWER 209
9.5. ALIGNMENT TECHNIQUES 219
9.6. CONCLUSION 229
REFERENCES 229
Chapter 10: Packaging Assembly Techniques 232
10.1. PACKAGING ASSEMBLY„OVERVIEW 232
10.2. FIRST-LEVEL INTERCONNECTS 233
10.3. PACKAGE TYPES 241
10.4. PACKAGE TO BOARD ATTACH 245
10.5. OPTICAL INTERCONNECT 248
REFERENCES 251
Part II: Links and Network Design 252
Chapter 11: Fiber-Optic Transceivers 254
11.1. INTRODUCTION 254
11.2. TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION OF FIBER-OPTIC TRANSCEIVERS 256
11.3. THE OPTICAL INTERFACE 259
11.4. NOISE TESTING OF TRANSCEIVERS 263
11.5. PACKAGING OF TRANSCEIVERS (TRX) 267
11.6. SERIES PRODUCTION OF TRANSCEIVERS 271
11.7. TRANSCEIVERS TODAY AND TOMORROW 275
11.8. PARALLEL OPTICAL LINKS 279
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 283
REFERENCES 283
Chapter 12: Optical Link Budgets and Design Rules 284
12.1. FIBER-OPTIC COMMUNICATION LINKS (TELECOM, DATACOM, AND ANALOG) 284
12.2. FIGURES OF MERIT: SNR, BER, AND MER 285
12.3. LINK BUDGET ANALYSIS: OPTICAL POWER PENALTIES 291
12.4. GIGABIT ETHERNET LINK BUDGET MODEL 308
12.5. LINK BUDGETS WITH OPTICAL AMPLIFICATION 312
REFERENCES 314
ADDITIONAL REFERENCE MATERIAL: 316
Case Study: WDM Link Budget Design 318
Chapter 13: Planning and Building the Optical Link 320
13.1. INTRODUCTION 320
13.2. PRIVATE NETWORKS 320
13.3. STANDARDS 334
13.4. HANDLING AND INSTALLING FIBER OPTICS 343
REFERENCES 350
Chapter 14: Test and Measurement of Fiber Optic Transceivers 352
14.1. TRANSMITTER TEST 352
14.2. CONSTRUCTION OF THE EYE-DIAGRAM 354
14.3. OSCILLOSCOPE FREQUENCY RESPONSE 358
14.4. EYE MASK TESTING 359
14.5. EYE MASK DIMENSIONS AND COORDINATE SYSTEMS 359
14.6. AUTOMATIC MASK TESTING 361
14.7. FINDING THE ROOT CAUSES OF EYE MASK FAILURES 362
14.8. EYE MASK SHAPES 363
14.9. THE REFERENCE RECEIVER 364
14.10. LASER TRANSMITTER EXTINCTION RATIO 368
14.11. EXTINCTION RATIO MEASUREMENT ACCURACY 369
14.12. OPTICAL MODULATION AMPLITUDE (OMA) 372
14.13. GOLDEN PLL TRIGGERING FOR TRANSMITTER TESTING 373
14.14. JITTER ANALYSIS 374
14.15. RECEIVER TEST 377
14.16. PATTERN GENERATOR 378
14.17. THE ERROR DETECTOR 379
Chapter 15: Optical Wavelength Division Multiplexing for Data Communication Networks 384
15.1. BASICS OF WDM SYSTEMS 384
15.2. AMPLIFIERS 396
15.3. OPTICAL TRANSPORT NETWORK„G.709 398
15.4. 40G, 100G, AND HIGHER„PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS 402
15.5. ROADMS„TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW AND APPLICATIONS 405
REFERENCES 409
Case Study: National LambdaRail Project 412
REFERENCE 413
Case Study: Optical Networks for Grid Computing 416
Chapter 16: Passive Optical Networks 418
16.1. PASSIVE OPTICAL NETWORKS 418
16.2. PON VARIANTS AND STANDARDS 426
16.3. COMPARISON OF MAIN PON APPROACHES 436
REFERENCES 437
Part III: Applications & Industry Standards
Chapter 17: Optical Interconnects for Clustered Computing Architectures 440
17.1. INTRODUCTION 440
17.2. COPPER VS. OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY TRADEOFFS 442
17.3. TOPOLOGIES 444
17.4. LARGE-SCALE COMPUTING 445
17.5. PARALLEL SYSPLEX AND GDPS 446
17.6. OPTICAL INTERCONNECTS 459
17.7 OPTICALLY INTERCONNECTED PARALLEL SUPERCOMPUTERS 460
17.8 OPTICAL INTERCONNECT FUTURES 461
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 463
REFERENCES 463
Case Study: Parallel Optics for Supercomputer Clustering 466
Chapter 18: Manufacturing Environmental Laws, Directives, and Challenges 468
18.1. INTRODUCTION 468
18.2. WORLDWIDE ENVIRONMENTAL DIRECTIVES, LAWS AND REGULATIONS 470
18.3. RESTRICTION OF HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES (RoHS) 476
18.4 ENVIRONMENT REQUIREMENT COMPLIANCE 482
18.5 ENVIRONMENT BUSINESS IMPACTS 483
REFERENCES 484
Chapter 19: ATM, SONET, and GFP 486
19.1. INTRODUCTION 486
19.2. SONET 488
19.3. ATM 495
19.4. CLASSICAL IP OVER ATM 505
19.5. ATM LAN EMULATION 506
19.6. GFP AND LCAS 511
REFERENCES 515
Case Study: Facilities-Based Carrier Network Convergence and Bandwidth on Demand 516
Chapter 20: Fibre Channel„The Storage Interconnect 518
20.1. INTRODUCTION TO FIBRE CHANNEL 519
20.2. FIBER CHANNEL ROADMAP 526
20.3. MULTIMODE LINK CONSIDERATIONS 528
20.4. LINK POWER BUDGET ESTIMATION 532
20.5 SINGLE-MODE LINK CONSIDERATIONS 535
20.6. MAPPING TO UPPER LEVEL PROTOCOLS 537
20.7. CLASS OF SERVICE 540
20.8. FIBRE CHANNEL OVER METROPOLITAN AND WIDE AREA NETWORKS 541
20.9. CONCLUSION 543
ADDITIONAL RESOURCES 544
REFERENCES 545
Case Study: Design of Next Generation I/O for Mainframes 546
Case Study: Storage Area Network (SAN) Extension for Disaster Recovery 548
Chapter 21: Enterprise System Connection (ESCON) Fiber-Optic Link 550
21.1. INTRODUCTION 550
21.2. ESCON SYSTEM OVERVIEW 550
21.3. ESCON LINK DESIGN 554
21.4. SINGLE-MODE PHYSICAL LAYER 564
21.5. PLANNING AND INSTALLATION OF AN ESCON LINK 568
21.6. LOSS BUDGET ANALYSIS 573
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 578
REFERENCES 578
Case Study: Calculating an ESCON Optical Link Budget 580
Chapter 22: Enhanced Ethernet for the Data Center 584
22.1. INTRODUCTION TO CLASSIC ETHERNET 585
22.2. ETHERNET PHYSICAL LAYER 589
22.3. GIGABIT AND 10 GIGABIT ETHERNET 594
22.4. METRO AND CARRIER ETHERNET 596
22.5. E-PONS AND ETHERNET FIRST MILE 599
22.6. ENHANCED ETHERNET 600
REFERENCES 601
GENERAL REFERENCES 602
Case Study: Unbundling the Local Loop for Triple Play Networks 604
Chapter 23: FDDI and Local Area Networks 606
23.1. INTRODUCTION 606
23.2. MAC SPECIFICATIONS 609
23.4. STATION MANAGEMENT 613
23.5. FDDI-II 616
REFERENCES 617
Chapter 24: InfiniBand„The Cluster Interconnect 618
24.1. INTRODUCTION 618
24.2. INFINIBAND LINK LAYER 619
24.3. OPTICAL SIGNAL AND JITTER METHODOLOGY 623
24.4. OPTICAL LINK SYSTEM OVERVIEW 631
24.5. OPTICAL RECEPTACLE AND CONNECTOR 634
24.6. FIBER-OPTIC CABLE PLANT SPECIFICATIONS 638
REFERENCES 639
Part IV: Emerging Technologies & Industry Directions
Chapter 25: Emerging Technology for Fiber-Optic Data Communication 644
25.1. INTRODUCTION 644
25.2. ARCHITECTURE OF ALL-OPTICAL NETWORK 645
25.3. TUNABLE TRANSMITTER 648
25.4. TUNABLE RECEIVER 650
25.5. OPTICAL AMPLIFIER 654
25.6. WAVELENGTH MULTIPLEXER/DEMULTIPLEXER 656
25.7. WAVELENGTH ROUTER 657
25.8. WAVELENGTH CONVERTER 659
25.9. SUMMARY 662
REFERENCES 663
Case Study: Customer-Owned Wavelengths and P2P Optical Networking 666
REFERENCES 668
Chapter 26: Optical Backplanes, Board and Chip Interconnects 670
26.1. INTRODUCTION 670
26.2. OPTICAL BACKPLANES 671
26.3. OPTICAL BOARD INTERCONNECTS 676
26.4. OPTICAL CHIP INTERCONNECTION 679
26.5. CONCLUSION 686
REFERENCES 686
Chapter 27: Silicon Photonics 690
27.1. INTRODUCTION 690
27.2. PASSIVE SILICON PHOTONIC DEVICES 694
27.3. ACTIVE SILICON PHOTONIC DEVICES 710
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 720
REFERENCES 720
Chapter 28: Nanophotonics and Nanofibers 726
28.1. INTRODUCTION 726
28.2. NANOPHOTONICS 727
28.3. NANOFIBERS 733
REFERENCES 739
Appendix A: Measurement Conversion Tables 742
Appendix B: Physical Constants 744
Appendix C: The 7-Layer OSI Model 746
Appendix D: Network Standards and Data Rates 748
ORGANIZATION OF MAJOR INDUSTRY STANDARDS 748
SONET/SDH 750
ETHERNET 753
10 G ETHERNET WAN PHY 755
ETHERNET FIRST MILE STANDARDS 756
Appendix E: Other Datacom Developments 764
FREE-SPACE OPTICAL LINKS 764
OPTICAL CONNECTORS 765
TRANSCEIVERS 765
Appendix F: Laser Safety 768
LASER SAFETY CERTIFICATION INFORMATION 773
Index 776