Chemistry of the Natural Atmosphere (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Chemistry of the Natural Atmosphere 4
Copyright Page 5
Contents 8
Preface 12
Chapter 1. Bulk Composition, Structure, and Dynamics of the Atmosphere 16
1.1 Observational Data and Averages 16
1.2 Temperature Structure and Atmospheric Regions 21
1.3 Pressure, Density, and Mixing Ratios 24
1.4 Global Circulation and Transport 29
1.5 Air Mass Exchange between Principal Atmospheric Domains 42
1.6 The Planetary Boundary Layer 52
Chapter 2. Photochemical Processes and Elementary Reactions 61
2.1 Fundamentals of Reaction Kinetics 62
2.2 Properties of Rate Coefficients 67
2.3 Photochemical Processes 74
2.4 Attenuation of Solar Radiation in the Atmosphere 76
2.5 Photodissociation of Oxygen and Ozone 85
2.6 Photochemistry of Minor Atmospheric Constituents 91
Chapter 3. Chemistry of the Stratosphere 106
3.1 Historical Survey 107
3.2 Ozone Observations 110
3.3 The Chapman Model 115
3.4 Trace Gases Other than Ozone 120
3.5 The Budget of Ozone in the Stratosphere 140
Chapter 4. Chemistry of the Troposphere: The Methane Oxidation Cycle 146
4.1 The Tropospheric Reservoir 146
4.2 Hydroxyl Radicals in the Troposphere 151
4.3 The Budget of Methane, CH4 161
4.4 Formaldehyde, HCHO 170
4.5 Carbon Monoxide, CO 173
4.6 Hydrogen, H2 185
Chapter 5. Ozone in the Troposphere 191
5.1 Introduction 191
5.2 Photochemical Air Pollution 193
5.3 Distribution and Behavior of Tropospheric Ozone 209
5.4 Budget Considerations 224
5.5 Photochemical Production and Loss of Ozone in the Unperturbed Troposphere 231
Chapter 6. Volatile Hydrocarbons and Halocarbons 238
6.1 Hydrocarbons 238
6.2 Hydrocarbon Oxidation Mechanisms 267
6.3 Halocarbons 282
Chapter 7. The Atmospheric Aerosol 293
7.1 Introduction 293
7.2 Particulate Size Distributions 295
7.3 Physicochemical Behavior of Particles 302
7.4 Aerosol Sources and Global Production Rates 318
7.5 The Chemical Constitution of the Aerosol 345
7.6 Global Distribution, Physical Removal, and Residence Time of the Tropospheric Aerosol 375
Chapter 8. Chemistry of Clouds and Precipitation 389
8.1 The Water Cycle 389
8.2 Cloud and Rain Formation 393
8.3 The Incorporation of Particulate Matter into Cloud and Rain Water 398
8.4 The Scavenging of Gases by Cloud and Rain Drops 405
8.5 Inorganic Composition and pH of Cloud and Rain Water 419
8.6 Chemical Reactions in Cloud and Fog Waters 427
Chapter 9. Nitrogen Compounds in the Troposphere 437
9.1 Biochemical Processes 437
9.2 Ammonia, NH3 441
9.3 Nitrous Oxide, N2O 456
9.4 Nitrogen Dioxide, NO2, and Related Compounds 467
Chapter 10. Sulfur Compounds in the Atmosphere 499
10.1 Introductory Remarks 499
10.2 Reduced Sulfur Compounds 500
10.3 Sulfur Dioxide, SO2, and Particulate Sulfate, SO2-4 520
10.4 Tropospheric Sulfur Budgets 551
Chapter 11. Geochemistry of Carbon Dioxide 558
11.1 Introduction 558
11.2 The Major Carbon Reservoirs 559
11.3 The Global Carbon Cycles 577
11.4 Summary 603
Chapter 12. The Evolution of the Atmosphere 606
12.1 The Noble Gases 606
12.2 The Primitive Atmosphere 613
12.3 Nitrogen 624
12.4 Oxygen 627
12.5 Atmospheric Gases: Cumulative versus Cyclic Behavior 643
References 647
Appendix: Supplementary Tables 733
Index 750