Advances in Imaging and Electron Physics (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Advances in Imaging and Electron Physics, Volume 91 4
Copyright Page 5
Contents 6
Contributors 10
Preface 12
Chapter 1. Canonical Aberration Theory in Electron Optics Up to Ultrahigh-Order Approximation 16
I. Introduction 16
II. The Hamiltonian Function and Its Power-Series Expansion 19
III. The Eikonal Function and Its Power-Series Expansion 28
IV. Intrinsic and Combined Aberrations Up to the Ninth-Order Approximation 43
V. Conclusions 48
References 50
Chapter 2. New Developments on Generalized Information Measures 52
I. Introduction 52
II. Unified (r,s)-Information Measures 56
III. M-Dimensional Unified (r,s)-Divergence Measures 90
IV. Unified (r,s)-Multivariate Entropies 110
V. Applications 125
References 147
50 Years of Electronics 152
Introduction 154
Chapter 3. The Exploitation of Semiconductors 156
I. Prehistory 157
II. The Conceptual Network 157
III. Technology 158
IV. The Transistor 158
V. Integrated Circuits 161
VI. The Field Effect Transistor 164
VII. The Information Technology Revolution 165
VIII. U.K. Progress in ICs from 1963 165
The Use and Abuse of III-V Compounds 186
Chapter 4. Telecommunications: The Last, and the Next, 50 Years 204
I. Today’s World of Telecommunications 204
II. Telecommunications 50 Years Ago 206
III. Key Developments in the Last 50 Years 207
IV. Telecommunications in the Next 50 Years 220
V. The Impact of Telecommunications and Information Technology on the Future of Mankind 225
Chapter 5. Mesoscopic Devices Where Electrons Behave like Light 228
I. Introduction 228
II. Building a Mesoscopic System 229
III. A Brief History 230
IV. Transport Theory 230
V. Some Simple Examples 231
VI. The Aharonov–Bohm Effect 233
VII. Two-Terminal Conductance in I-D Quantum Point Contacts 234
VIII . Magnetic Phenomena: Edge States 238
IX . Devices 240
X . Summary and Conclusions 242
References 243
Chapter 6. The Evolution of Electronic Displays, 1942–1992 246
I. Introduction 246
II. Flat Panel Technology 259
III. Projection Displays 267
IV. Three-Dimensional Display 268
V. Conclusions 271
References 271
Chapter 7. Gabor’s Pessimistic 1942 View of Electron Microscopy and How He Stumbled on the Nobel Prize 274
I. Introduction 274
II. Electron Physics in Wartime Britain 275
III. Dangers in the German Reich 282
IV. An Enemy Alien with Special Qualifications 283
V. The Third Meeting of the Electronics Group, October 1942 284
VI. Space–Charge Correction of Spherical Aberration 289
VII. The Projection Shadow Microscope: An Unrecognized Tool for Holography 289
VIII. Abbe’s Theory of the Microscope and the TEM 290
IX. Electron Beam Holography 291
X . Electron-Optical Trials at the AEI Research Laboratory 294
XI. Artifact-Free Holography 297
References 298
Chapter 8. Early Techniques in Radio Astronomy 300
Index 306