ADVANCES ELECTRONCIC &ELECTRON PHYSICS V89 (eBook)

Cover 1
Advances in Electronics and Electron Physics, Volume 89 4
Copyright Page 5
CONTENTS 6
Contributors 10
Preface 12
Chapter 1. Digital Techniques in Electron Off-Axis Holography 18
I. Introduction 18
II. Electron Off-Axis Holography 23
III. Problems of Off-Axis Holography 42
IV. Examples of Applications 53
V. Conclusions and Future Prospects 64
References 65
Chapter 2. Optical Symbolic Substitution Architectures 70
I. Introduction 70
II. Optical Symbolic Substitution 71
III. Coding Techniques 75
IV. Signed–Digit Arithmetic Using OSS 76
V. OSS Architectures 88
VI. Limitations and Challenges 107
References 108
Chapter 3. Semiconductor Quantum Devices 110
I. Introduction 111
II. Quantum Devices 115
III. Resonant Tunneling Devices 138
IV. Aharonov-Bohm Effect-Based Devices 159
V. T-Structure Transistors 195
VI. Electron Wave Directional Couplers 210
VII. Spin Precession Devices 216
VIII. Granular Electron Devices 220
IX. Connecting Quantum Devices on a Chip: The Interconnecting Problems 225
X. Quantum-Coupled Architectures and Quantum Chips 234
XI. Epilogue: The Long-Term Prognosis 260
References 262
Chapter 4. Fuzzy Relations and Applications 272
I. Introduction to Fuzzy Set Theory 272
II. Fuzzy Relational Calculus 283
III. Special Types of Fuzzy Relations 308
IV. Applications of Triangular Compositions 314
V. Fuzzy Inference Mechanisms 329
References 340
Chapter 5. Basis Algorithms in Mathematical Morphology 342
I. Introduction 343
II. Basis Algorithms 351
III. Applying the General Basis Algorithm 359
IV. Filtering Properties and the Basis Representation 366
V. Translation-Invariant Set Mappings 375
VI. Gray-Scale Function Mappings 383
VII. Transforming the Basis Representation 391
VIII. Conclusion 400
Appendix 402
References 406
Chapter 6. Mirror-Bank Energy Analyzers 408
I. Introduction 408
II. Equations for Charged Particle Trajectories in an Electrostatic Field Having a Symmetry Plane 410
III. Peculiarities of Charged Particle Focusing and Energy Separation in a Mirror with a Two-Dimensional Electric Field 416
IV. Energy Analyzers Based on Mirrors with Two-Plate Electrodes Separated by Direct Slits 427
V. Peculiarities of Charged Particle Focusing and Separation in En- ergy in a Transaxial Mirror 450
VI. Energy Analyzers Based on Transaxial Mirrors with Two-Plate Electrodes 458
VII. Conclusion 494
References 495
Index 498