Vitamins and Hormones (eBook)

front cover 1
copyright 5
table of contents 6
Contributors 14
Preface 18
1. Neuroendocrine and Behavioral Development during Puberty: A Tale of Two Axes 19
I. INTRODUCTION 1 20
II. HPG AXIS 1 21
III. HPA AXIS 1 31
IV. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS 1 35
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 1 37
REFERENCES 1 37
2. Regulation of Oxytocin Secretion 44
I. THE HYPOTHALAMO-NEUROHYPOPHYSIAL OXYTOCIN SYSTEM 45
II. THE MILK-EJECTION REFLEX 47
III. CONTROL OF OXYTOCIN SECRETION AT PARTURITION 51
IV. OXYTOCIN SECRETION AND STRESS 55
V. OSMOTIC REGULATION OF OXYTOCIN SECRETION 57
VI. OXYTOCIN SECRETION AND BEHAVIOR 60
VII. CONCLUSIONS 2 64
REFERENCES 2 66
3. Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone: Gene Evolution, Expression, and Regulation 76
I. THE GNRH GENES 77
II. EARLY FORMATION AND MIGRATION OF GNRH NEURONS 80
III. ANALYSIS OF GNRH GENE EXPRESSION 82
IV. REGULATION OF GNRH GENE EXPRESSION 88
V. FUTURE DIRECTIONS AND CRITICAL STUDIES 98
REFERENCES 3 99
4. Thyroid Hormones and Brain Development 112
I. INTRODUCTION 4 113
II. MORPHOLOGICAL ASPECTS 114
III. CONTROL OF LOCAL BRAIN THYROID HORMONE CONCENTRATIONS 117
IV. ROLE OF THYROID HORMONE RECEPTORS 119
V. REGULATION OF BRAIN GENE EXPRESSION 123
V. REGULATION OF BRAIN GENE EXPRESSION BY THYROID HORMONE 123
VI. CONCLUSIONS 4 131
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 4 132
REFERENCES 4 132
5. Estrogen Signaling in the Hypothalamus 140
I. HYPOTHALAMUS AND FEEDBACK OF E2 ON THE HYPOTHALAMIC– PITUITARY AXIS 141
II. TRANSCRIPTIONAL SIGNALING OF ESTROGEN IN HYPOTHALAMIC NEURONS 144
III. MEMBRANE-INITIATED SIGNALING BY ESTROGEN IN HYPOTHALAMIC NEURONS 146
IV. COUPLING OF A MEMBRANE ESTROGEN RECEPTOR TO SIGNALING CASCADES 150
V. CROSS-TALK BETWEEN E2 SIGNALING WITH OTHER SIGNALING CASCADES 152
VI. CONCLUSIONS 5 153
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 5 154
REFERENCES 5 154
6. Hormonal Influences on Cancer Progression and Prognosis 163
I. INTRODUCTION 6 165
II. HORMONE-MEDIATED INDUCTION OF INVASIVE BEHAVIOR 165
III. ESTROGENS AND PROGESTINS ON BREAST CANCER PROGRESSION AND PROGNOSIS 173
IV. ANDROGEN RECEPTORS IN PROSTATE CANCER 197
V. VITAMIN D3 IN CELL PROLIFERATION, APOPTOSIS, AND DIFFERENTIATION 199
VI. RA AND ITS RECEPTORS IN CELL DIFFERENTIATION, PROLIFERATION, AND SURVIVAL 200
VII. GENERAL CONCLUSIONS AND REFLECTIONS ON CANCER PROGRESSION 202
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 6 204
REFERENCES 6 204
7. Antiestrogens, Aromatase Inhibitors, and Apoptosis in Breast Cancer 217
I. INTRODUCTION 7 218
II. ESTROGEN AND ERS 219
III. ANTIESTROGENS 221
IV. AROMATASE INHIBITORS, ESTROGEN INDEPENDENCE, AND ANTIESTROGENS 222
V. ANTIESTROGENS VERSUS AROMATASE INHIBITORS AS ENDOCRINE THERAPIES 225
VI. APOPTOSIS 226
VII. ANTIESTROGEN RESISTANCE AND DEFECTS IN APOPTOSIS 235
VIII. DE NOVO ANTIESTROGEN RESISTANCE 238
IX. SUMMARY AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS 7 240
REFERENCES 7 241
8. Glucocorticoid Receptor and Heat Shock Factor 1: Novel Mechanism of Reciprocal Regulation 254
I. INTRODUCTION 8 255
II. GR AND HSF1 ARE CHAPERONED BY SIMILAR HSP90/TPR PROTEIN COMPLEXES 256
III. STRESS POTENTIATION OF GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR- MEDIATED GENE EXPRESSION 261
IV. GR REGULATION OF HSF1 266
V. SPECULATIONS ON GR AND HSF1 RECIPROCAL REGULATION 268
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 8 272
REFERENCES 8 272
9. C19-5-ene Steroids in Nature 278
I. INTRODUCTION 9 279
II. DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE 280
III. ANDROSTENEDIOL (ANDROST-5-ENE- 3b,17b- DIOL ADIOL)
IV. 7-OXYGENATED STEROIDS 294
V. 16-HYDROXYDHEA 296
REFERENCES 9 298
FURTHER READINGS 9 313
10. The Androgen Receptor: Unlocking the Secrets of Its Uinque Transactivation Domain 315
I. THE ANDROGEN SIGNALING AXIS 316
II. THE ROLE OF AR IN PROSTATE CANCER 317
III. OVERVIEW OF AR STRUCTURE 318
IV. THE AR LBD 319
V. THE AR DBD 320
VI. THE AR NTD 321
VII. AR AF-1 AND AF-5 322
VIII. Q AND G REPEATS 323
IX. AR NTD SIGNATURE SEQUENCE 324
X. FXXLF AND WXXLF MOTIFS 324
XI. PHOSPHORYLATION OF THE AR NTD 325
XII. SUMOYLATION AT NRM1 AND NRM2 326
XIII. AR NTD-ASSOCIATED COFACTORS 327
XIV. THE FOCUS ON AR NTD 329
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 10 330
REFERENCES 10 330
11. Cytokine Recognition by Human Interleukin 5 Receptor 334
I. INTRODUCTION 11 335
II. ASSEMBLY AND ACTIVATION MECHANISM OF IL-5 RECEPTOR 337
III. RELATIONSHIP OF CYTOPLASMIC SIGNALING BY IL-5 TO RECEPTOR ORGANIZATION 339
IV. STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF IL-5 341
V. MAPPING OF BINDING EPITOPE ON IL-5 RECEPTOR 345
VI. PEPTIDE APPROACH TO IL-5 MIMETICS 349
VII. CONCLUSION-FUTURE STUDY FOR CYTOKINE RECOGNITION 351
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 11 353
REFERENCES 11 353
12. Leptin: Structure, Function and Biology 358
I. LEPTIN 359
II. LEPTIN STRUCTURE 361
III. LEPTIN RECEPTOR 364
IV. LEPTIN-BINDING PROTEIN 365
V. LEPTIN-RECEPTOR BINDING MODEL 368
VI. LEPTIN SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION 370
VII. THERAPEUTIC APPLICATION 375
VIII. CONCLUSION 12 377
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 12 378
REFERENCES 12 378
13. Leptin Gene Polymorphisms and Their Phenotypic Associations 386
I. INTRODUCTION 13 387
II. STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION OF THE LEPTIN GENE AND LEPTIN PROTEIN 388
III. POLYMORPHISMS IN THE HUMAN LEPTIN GENE 391
IV. POLYMORPHISMS IN THE BOVINE LEPTIN GENE 401
V. POLYMORPHISMS IN THE PORCINE LEPTIN GENE 406
VI. CONCLUDING REMARKS 13 410
REFERENCES 13 411
14. Ghrelin, the Same Peptide for Different Functions: Player or Bystander? 418
I. INTRODUCTION 14 419
II. GHRELIN, THE FIRST OREXIGENIC GASTROINTESTINAL ACYLATED PEPTIDE: ISOLATION, IDENTIFICATION, AND STRUCTURES 420
III. TISSUE DISTRIBUTION AND REGULATION 422
IV. MECHANISM OF ACTION 425
V. BIOLOGICAL ACTION 427
VI. GHRELIN AND GHRELIN RECEPTOR KNOCKOUT: RELEVANT OR REDUNDANT? 436
VII. CONCLUSIONS 14 437
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 14 438
REFERENCES 14 439
15. Cholecystokinin and Adrenal-Cortex Secretion 446
I. INTRODUCTION 15 447
II. BIOLOGY OF CCK AND ADRENOCORTICAL CELLS 447
III. CCK AND ITS RECEPTORS IN THE HPA AXIS 453
IV. EFFECTS OF CCK ON ADRENAL-CORTEX SECRETION 454
V. CONCLUDING REMARKS 15 458
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 15 459
REFERENCES 15 459
index 467
Colour Plates 481