Advances in Clinical Chemistry (eBook)

Cover 1
Contents 6
Contributors 10
Preface 16
Chapter 1. Clinical and Analytical Review of Ischemia-Modified Albumin Measured by the Albumin Cobalt Binding Test 17
1. Introduction 17
2. IMA and the ACB Test 18
3. Clinical Studies Review 19
4. Future Needs and Unanswered Questions 24
5. Summary 25
References 25
Chapter 2. Human Tissue Kallikreins: From Gene Structure to Function and Clinical Applications 27
1. Introduction 28
2. Discovery of the Human Tissue Kallikrein Gene Locus: A Short Historical Perspective 29
3. Kallikreins in Rodents and Other Species 29
4. Characterization and Sequence Analysis of the Human Tissue Kallikrein Gene Locus 34
5. Structural Features of the Human Tissue Kallikrein Genes and Proteins 36
6. Sequence Variations of Human Kallikrein Genes 39
7. The Tissue Kallikreins in the Context of Other Serine Proteases in the Human Genome 40
8. Tissue Expression and Cellular Localization of the Kallikrein Genes 44
9. Regulation of Kallikrein Activity 46
10. Hormonal Regulation of Kallikreins 53
11. Evolution of Kallikreins 54
12. Cross-Talk Between Kallikreins: A Possible Novel Enzymatic Cascade Pathway 55
13. Isoforms and Splice Variants of the Human Kallikreins 56
14. Kallikreins in Normal Physiology 57
15. Association of Kallikreins with Human Diseases 62
16. Kallikreins and Cancer 69
17. Therapeutic Applications 78
18. Future Directions 78
References 80
Chapter 3. Cholesterol and Lipids in Depression: Stress, Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Adrenocortical Axis, and Inflammation/Immunity 97
1. Introduction 97
2. The Relationships Between Lipid Profile Levels, Depression, and Suicide Attempts 99
3. The Interactions Between Stress, Lipid Profiles, Cortisone/HPA Axis, and Inflammation/Immunity 107
4. Clinical Phenotypes in Depression and Molecular Levels 111
5. Conclusion 112
References 113
Chapter 4. Advances on Biological Markers in Early Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease 123
1. Introduction 123
2. Biological Aspects of AD Pathogenesis 125
3. Diagnostic Issues 129
4. Biological Markers and Early Diagnosis of AD 131
5. CSF Biomarkers 133
6. Peripheral Biomarkers 135
7. Future Approaches in Preclinical Diagnosis of AD 137
8. Conclusive Remarks 138
References 139
Chapter 5. Endothelial Microparticles (EMP) as Vascular Disease Markers 147
1. Introduction 147
2. Characterization of EMPs 148
3. Methodology to Detect EMP 153
4. EMPs in Clinical Disease 159
5. Perspective 167
References 168
Chapter 6. Proteomics in Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis 175
1. Introduction to Proteomics 176
2. Modern Proteomic Technology 176
3. Proteins, Proteomics, and Patterns 183
4. Accessing Biological Samples 185
5. Preparing and Resolving Complex Specimens 188
6. Standardization of Proteomic Approaches 190
7. Combining Modern Proteomic Technologies with Traditional Histopathology Techniques 191
8. Practical Clinical Applications 192
9. Future Directions 195
References 196
Chapter 7. Molecular Determinants of Human Longevity 201
1. Introduction 201
2. Vascular Genetic Factors and Human Longevity 204
3. Inflammation and Immune Response in Human Longevity 214
4. Conclusions 218
References 219
Chapter 8. Laboratory Findings of Caloric Restriction in Rodents and Primates 227
1. Introduction: Antiaging and Life Span-Extending Actions of Caloric Restriction 227
2. Laboratory Findings in CR Rodents 230
3. Laboratory Findings in CR Nonhuman Primates 242
4. Relevance to Humans 243
5. Interpretation of the Beneficial Actions of CR Based On the Adaptive Response Hypothesis 245
6. Conclusions 248
References 248
Chapter 9. Immuno-PCR as a Clinical Laboratory Tool 255
1. Introduction: Immuno-Polymerase Chain Reaction-Principle of the Method 255
2. Assay Set-Up: Key Steps and Developments of the IPCR Method 257
3. IPCR Applications: Dierent Target Antigens and Individual Strategies for Assay Improvement 287
4. Rating of IPCR as a Tool for Clinical Applications 300
References 302
Index 309
Color Plate Section 318