Zebrafish: Cellular and Developmental Biology (eBook)

Cover 1
Contents 6
Contributors 14
Preface 20
Dedication 22
Part I: Cell Biology 24
Chapter 1. Use of the DsRed Fluorescent Reporter in Zebrafish 26
I. Introduction 26
II. DsRed: History and Properties 27
III. DsRed in Transgenic Zebrafish 28
IV. Use of Multiple Fluorescent Reporters in Transplantation Assays 30
V. Fusion Protein Reporters 33
VI. Conclusion 34
References 34
Chapter 2. Analyzing Axon Guidance in the Zebrafish Retinotectal System 36
I. Introduction 36
II. Retinotectal Mutants 37
III. Labeling the Retinotectal System 39
IV. Perturbing the Retinotectal System 50
V. Future Directions 54
References 55
Chapter 3. Optical Projection Tomography for Spatio-Temporal Analysis in the Zebrafish 60
I. Introduction 61
II. The Principle of Tomography 62
III. Problems for OPT in Zebrafish 64
IV. Materials 65
V. Methods 65
VI. Sample Preparation 66
VII. Scanning 67
VIII. Reconstruction 68
IX. Presentation of Reconstructions 69
X. Discussion 72
XI. The Future of OPT 72
XII. OPT Equipment 73
References 73
Chapter 4. Imaging Blood Vessels in the Zebrafish 74
I. Introduction 74
II. Imaging Vascular Gene Expression 76
III. Nonvital Blood Vessel Imaging 77
IV. Vital Imaging of Blood Vessels 86
V. Conclusion 96
References 96
Chapter 5. Zebrafish Apoptosis Assays for Drug Discovery 98
I. Introduction 98
II. Zebrafish Apoptosis Genes 99
III. Caspase Substrate Recognition in Zebrafish 100
IV. Detection of Apoptosis In Situ 100
V. Perspectives 105
References 106
Chapter 6. Lipid Metabolism in Zebrafish 110
I. Introduction 110
II. Genetic Screen„Forward, Reverse, and Targeted-Mutagenesis 111
III. Pharmacological Studies Using Zebrafish 116
IV. Mechanism of Action Studies Using Zebrafish. The Annexin2-Caveolin1 Complex 122
V. Gene-Specific Studies: The Acyl-CoA Synthetase Enzymes 125
VI. Summary 127
References 127
Chapter 7. Analysis of the Cell Cycle in Zebrafish Embryos 132
I. Introduction: The Cell Cycle in Zebrafish 132
II. Zebrafish Embryo Cell Cycle Protocols 134
III. Screening for Mutations Affecting the Zebrafish Cell Cycle 141
IV. Screening for Chemical Suppressors of Zebrafish Cell Cycle Mutants 142
V. Conclusions 145
VI. Reagents and Supplies 146
References 146
Chapter 8. Cellular Dissection of Zebrafish Hematopoiesis 150
I. Introduction 150
II. Zebrafish Hematopoiesis 151
III. Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation 159
IV. Enrichment of Hematopoietic Stem Cells 167
V. Conclusions 170
References 170
Chapter 9. Culture of Embryonic Stem Cell Lines from Zebrafish 174
I. Introduction 174
II. Methods 175
III. Materials 181
References 183
Part II: Developmental and Neural Biology 184
Chapter 10. Neurogenesis 186
I. Introduction 187
II. The Primary Neuronal Scaffold 187
III. Early Development of the Zebrafish Neural Plate 190
IV. Lateral Inhibition and the Neurogenesis Cascade 197
V. Establishment of Neuronal Identity 199
VI. Aspects of Neuronal Differentiation 202
VII. Useful Tools for the Study of Zebrafish Neurogenesis 204
VIII. Conclusion 213
References 213
Chapter 11. Time-Lapse Microscopy of Brain Development 230
I. Introduction„Why and When to Use Intravital Imaging 231
II. Techniques for Vital Staining of the Nervous System 232
III. Preparation of the Zebrafish Specimen 241
IV. The Microscopic System 244
V. Data Recording 245
VI. Data Analysis 248
VII. Pitfalls to Avoid 252
VIII. Summary 254
References 255
Further Reading 258
Chapter 12. Development of the Peripheral Sympathetic Nervous System in Zebrafish 260
I. Introduction 260
II. The Peripheral Autonomic Nervous System 261
III. The Zebrafish as a Model System for Studying PSNS Development 265
IV. Zebrafish as a Novel Model for Studying Neuroblastoma 277
V. Conclusion and Future Directions 278
References 279
Chapter 13. Optical Physiology and Locomotor Behaviors of Wild-Type and Nacre Zebrafish 284
I. Introduction 285
II. Optical Physiology„Basics 286
III. Optical Physiology„Alternative Approaches 290
IV. Options for Improving the Transparency of Larval Zebrafish 295
V. Behavioral Perturbation Studies 299
VI. Conclusions 303
References 303
Chapter 14. Computer-Aided Screening for Zebrafish Embryonic Motility Mutants 308
I. Introduction 309
II. Flatbed Transparency Scanners and Computers 311
III. Software 313
IV. Embryos and Larva: Physiological Considerations 314
V. Data Acquisition 317
VI. Data Analysis 317
VII. Potential Problems and Remedies 328
VIII. Conclusions 334
References 335
Chapter 15. Photoreceptor Structure and Development: Analyses Using GFP Transgenes 338
I. Introduction 339
II. Photoreceptor Development 341
III. Transgenic Zebrafish Expressing Photoreceptor-Specific Reporter Genes 343
IV. Developmental Studies of Photoreceptors Using Transgenic Zebrafish 345
V. Conclusions 350
References 351
Chapter 16. Approaches to Study Neurogenesis in the Zebrafish Retina 356
I. Introduction 356
II. Development of the Zebrafish Retina 358
III. Analysis of Wild-Type and Mutant Zebrafish Visual Systems 364
IV. Genetic Analysis of the Zebrafish Retina 382
V. Summary 397
References 398
Chapter 17. Instrumentation for Measuring Oculomotor Performance and Plasticity in Larval Organisms 408
I. Introduction 409
II. Methods 412
III. Results and Discussion 418
IV. Conclusion 430
V. Supplemental Movie Descriptions 430
References 434
Chapter 18. Development of Cartilage and Bone 438
I. Introduction 438
II. Cartilage Visualization Techniques 442
III. Bone Visualization Techniques 450
IV. Molecular Markers of Skeletal Precursors 454
V. Strategy and Potential of Future Screens for Skeletal Mutants 454
References 456
Chapter 19. Morphogenesis of the Jaw: Development Beyond the Embryo 460
I. Larval Zebrafish Craniofacial Cartilage Development 460
II. Analysis of Craniofacial Skeletal and Replacement Tooth Development 462
III. Conclusion 474
References 474
Chapter 20. Cardiac Development 478
I. Introduction 478
II. Stages of Heart Tube Morphogenesis 479
III. Gene Expression 488
IV. Conclusion and Future Directions 492
References 493
Chapter 21. Chemical Approaches to Angiogenesis 498
I. Introduction 498
II. Screening Tools 502
III. Chemical Screening 505
IV. Sensitized Screens 508
References 508
Chapter 22. Vascular Occlusion and Thrombosis in Zebrafish 512
I. Introduction 512
II. Vascular Occlusion 514
III. Methods 516
IV. Future Perspectives 519
References 521
Chapter 23. Zebrafish Kidney Development 524
I. Introduction 524
II. Pronephric Structure and Function 525
III. Pronephric Development 527
IV. The Zebrafish Pronephros as a Model of Human Disease 544
V. Conclusions 547
References 548
Chapter 24. Pancreas Development in Zebrafish 554
I. Pancreas Organogenesis 554
II. Morphology of the Mature Pancreas 555
III. Physiology of the Endocrine Pancreatic Tissues 556
IV. Pancreas Development 556
V. Formation and Patterning of the Zebrafish Endoderm 556
VI. Formation of the Pancreatic Primordium 560
VII. Cell Type Specification and Differentiation of the Endocrine Pancreas 565
VIII. Formation of the Exocrine Pancreas 567
IX. Perspectives 569
References 570
Part III: Disease Models 576
Chapter 25. Mosaic Eyes, Genomic Instability Mutants, and Cancer Susceptibility 578
I. Introduction 579
II. Mutagenesis and Screening for Mosaic Eyes 584
III. Mosaic Eyes. Genomic Instability or Retinal Mutations? 584
IV. Studying Cancer Susceptibility in Adult Zebrafish 585
V. Transgenic Analysis of Genomic Instability 587
VI. Summary 589
References 589
Chapter 26. Discovery and Use of Small Molecules for Probing Biological Processes in Zebrafish 592
I. Rationale for Small Molecule Screens in Zebrafish 593
II. Assay Development 598
III. Chemical Suppressor and Enhancer Screens 600
IV. Selection of Small Molecule Libraries 602
V. Screening Methods 605
VI. Follow-Up Studies for Active Small Molecules 607
VII. Conclusions 611
References 611
Chapter 27. Modeling Human Disease by Gene Targeting 616
I. Introduction 617
II. DNA Repair Processes 618
III. Transient Means to Effect Altered Gene Expression in the Zebrafish 623
IV. Heritable Means to Effect Altered Gene Expression in the Zebrafish 630
V. Discussion 631
References 632
Index 636
Volumes in Series 648