Auralization (eBook)

Michael Vorländer became director of the institute and professor of technical acoustics at RWTH Aachen University, Germany, in 1996. After education in physics and a doctorate degree in 1989 he worked in various fields of acoustics, mainly architectural acoustics and binaural technology. His main areas of research are room acoustics, building acoustics, psychoacoustics, acoustic measurements, virtual acoustics. Professor Vorländer is active  in international societies, like 2004 - 2007 President of the European Acoustics Association (EAA) 2007 - 2010 Vice President of the European Acoustics Association (EAA) 2004 - Board of the International Commission for Acoustics (ICA) Acoustical Society of America (ASA) German Acoustical Society (DEGA) German Physical Society (DPG)

First edition 3
Foreword 5
Preface 6
Content 10
Introduction 15
1 Fundamentals of acoustics 20
1.1 Sound field equations and the wave equation 21
1.2 Plane waves in fluid media 26
1.3 Plane harmonic waves 28
1.4 Wideband waves and signals 28
1.5 Energy and level 29
1.6 Sound intensity 32
1.7 Level arithmetic 33
1.8 Frequency bands 34
2 Sound sources 36
2.1 Spherical waves waves waves waves waves waves 36
2.2 Harmonic monopole source and sound power 37
2.3 Pulsating sphere and radiation impedance 39
2.4 Multipoles and extended sources 41
2.5 Spherical harmonics 44
3 Sound propagation 47
3.1 Reflection of plane waves at an impedance plane 47
3.2 Spherical wave above impedance plane 53
3.3 Scattering 54
3.4 Diffraction 59
3.5 Refraction 60
3.6 Attenuation 61
3.7 Doppler effect 63
4 Sound fields in cavities and in rooms 65
4.1 Cavities 65
4.2 Modes 66
4.3 Geometrical acoustics 70
4.4 Statistical reverberation theory 71
5 Structure-borne sound 81
5.1 Waves in solid media 81
5.2 Waves on plates and their radiation 84
5.3 Vibrational transmission over junctions 88
6 Psychoacoustics 90
6.1 Anatomy of the peripheral hearing system 90
6.2 Psychoacoustic characterization 92
6.3 Binaural hearing 97
6.4 Hearing in rooms 103
7 Signal processing for auralization 114
7.1 The concept of auralization 114
7.2 Fundamentals of signal processing 117
7.3 Fourier transformation 121
7.4 Analogue-to-digital conversion 123
7.5 Discrete Fourier transformation 126
7.6 Fast Fourier transformation transformation 127
7.7 Digital filters 130
8 Characterization of sources 134
8.1 Airborne sound sources 134
8.2 Structure-borne sound sources 144
9 Convolution and sound synthesis 147
9.1 Discrete convolution 147
9.2 FFT convolution 149
9.3 Binaural synthesis 151
9.4 Binaural mixing console 153
9.5 Spatial resolution of HRTF 155
10 Simulation models 157
10.1 Simulation methods for sound and vibrational fields 157
10.2 Two-port models 176
10.3 Other models 183
11 Simulation of sound in rooms 184
11.1 General 184
11.2 Stochastic ray tracing 190
11.3 Image source model 208
11.4 Hybrid image source models (deterministic ray tracing) 219
11.5 Systematic uncertainties of geometrical acoustics 222
11.6 Hybrid models in room acoustics 225
11.7 Construction of binaural room impulse responses 231
12 Simulation and auralization of airborne sound insulation 236
12.1 Definitions of airborne sound transmission 237
12.2 Sound insulation of building elements 238
12.3 Sound insulation of buildings 242
12.4 Sound transmission prediction models 244
12.5 Auralization of airborne sound insulation 247
13 Simulation and auralization of structure- borne sound 253
13.1 Definitions of impact sound transmission 253
13.2 Impact sound model 254
13.3 Impact sound auralization 257
13.4 Structure-borne interaction model 259
14 Binaural transfer path synthesis 262
14.1 Source identification and characterization 264
14.2 Transfer path characterization 269
14.3 Auralization in BTPS 271
15 Aspects of real-time processing 274
15.1 Real-time binaural synthesis 275
15.2 Room acoustical real-time auralization 277
15.3 Hybrid real-time room auralization 284
16 3-D sound reproduction and virtual reality systems 286
16.1 Headphone systems 287
16.2 Loudspeaker systems 294
16.3 VR technology and integrated VR systems 305
Annex 310
References 325
Index 337