Awareness Systems (eBook)

Preface 6
Contents 15
Contributors 18
Part I Awareness in Context 22
1 An Historical Reflection of Awareness in Collaboration 23
1.1 Introduction 23
1.2 Early Exploration of Awareness 24
1.2.1 Workplace Studies 25
1.2.1.1 London Underground 25
1.2.1.2 Patterns of Scientific Collaboration 26
1.2.1.3 Air Traffic Control 27
1.2.1.4 Workplace Studies Summary 28
1.2.2 Early Media Spaces 28
1.2.2.1 The First Media Space 28
1.2.2.2 Second Generation Media Spaces 29
1.2.2.3 Media Spaces Summary 30
1.2.3 Event-Based Awareness 31
1.2.4 Awareness in a Spatial Metaphor 32
1.2.5 Early Exploration of Awareness Summary 33
1.3 Diversification and Research Prototypes 33
1.3.1 The Social Context of Awareness 34
1.3.1.1 Awareness, Privacy and Interruption 34
1.3.1.2 The Locales Framework 35
1.3.1.3 Social Context Summary 38
1.3.2 Awareness Frameworks and Models 38
1.3.2.1 Workspace Awareness 39
1.3.2.2 The Focus/Nimbus Model of Awareness 40
1.3.2.3 Event Pipeline Model 41
1.3.3 Collaborative Environments 42
1.3.3.1 DIVA, GroupDesk and PoliAwaC 42
1.3.3.2 WORLDS and Orbit 45
1.3.3.3 Collaborative Environments Summary 46
1.3.4 Physical Display of Awareness 46
1.3.5 Infrastructure 47
1.3.5.1 Area 48
1.3.5.2 NESSIE 48
1.3.5.3 Elvin 49
1.3.6 Summary of Diversification and Research Prototypes 50
1.4 Summary of Extended Models and Specialisation 50
1.4.1 Models and Diversifying Types of Awareness 51
1.4.1.1 ENI 51
1.4.1.2 Reaction--Diffusion Model 52
1.4.1.3 Types of Awareness 52
1.4.1.4 Privacy Continued 53
1.4.1.5 Summary of Models and Diversifying Types 54
1.4.2 Awareness in Different Domains 54
1.4.2.1 Domestic Awareness 55
1.4.2.2 Summary of Awareness in Different Domains 56
1.4.3 Technology Driven Awareness Research 56
1.4.4 Group Configuration 56
1.4.4.1 Semi-Public 57
1.4.4.2 Co-Located 57
1.4.4.3 Partially Distributed 58
1.4.4.4 Mixed Presence 58
1.4.4.5 Summary of Group Configuration 58
1.4.5 Summary of Extended Models and Specification 58
1.5 Trends and Conclusions 59
References 61
2 A Design Framework for Awareness Systems 69
2.1 Introduction 69
2.2 Awareness Systems for Supporting Social Relations and Needs 69
2.3 Do Awareness Systems Represent a Technology Push? 71
2.3.1 Affiliation with Others 72
2.3.2 Obtaining Social Information and Self-Presentation 72
2.3.3 Attracting and Retaining Mates 73
2.3.4 Protecting Ourselves and Those We Value 74
2.3.5 Conclusion 74
2.4 The Design Space of Social Awareness Systems 75
2.4.1 Awareness of People or Places? 76
2.4.2 Precision 76
2.4.3 Accuracy 78
2.4.4 Notification Level 79
2.4.5 Input Automation: Explicit Versus Implicit Input 80
2.4.6 Private Versus Shared Nature of Awareness Displays 82
2.4.7 Level of User Control 83
2.5 Challenges for the Design of Awareness Systems 83
2.5.1 Minimize Procedural Effort 84
2.5.2 Support Transitions to Other Media 85
2.5.3 Designing Agency in Awareness Systems 85
2.5.4 Reciprocity, Equity of Costs and Benefits 86
2.5.5 Balancing Accountability and Autonomy 87
2.5.6 Designing Beautiful Seams (Seamful Design) 88
2.5.7 Data Proportionality 89
2.6 Conclusion 89
References 90
3 Awareness in the Home: The Nuances of Relationships, Domestic Coordination and Communication 93
3.1 Introduction 93
3.2 Interpersonal Awareness 94
3.2.1 Social Groupings for Awareness 95
3.2.1.1 Home Inhabitants 95
3.2.1.2 Intimate Socials 95
3.2.1.3 Extended Socials 96
3.2.2 Interpersonal Awareness Information 96
3.2.2.1 Awareness of Location 97
3.2.2.2 Awareness of Activity 97
3.2.2.3 Awareness of Status 98
3.2.3 Techniques for Maintaining Awareness 99
3.2.3.1 Visual Cues from Domestic Artifacts 99
3.2.3.2 Direct and Mediated Interaction 100
3.3 Communication Information in the Home 101
3.3.1 Reminders and Alerts 103
3.3.2 Awareness and Scheduling 103
3.3.3 Visual Displays 104
3.3.4 Notices 104
3.3.5 Resource Coordination 104
3.4 Contextual Locations 105
3.4.1 Location Placement in the Home 105
3.4.2 Pathways and Routines 106
3.4.3 Constellations 106
3.4.4 Location Attributes and Proximity 107
3.4.5 Visibility vs. Practicality 107
3.5 Time, Ownership, and Awareness 108
3.5.1 Time 108
3.5.1.1 Urgency and Relevance 108
3.5.1.2 Information Dynamics 109
3.5.2 Ownership 110
3.5.2.1 Spaces 110
3.5.2.2 Visibility and Privacy 112
3.5.2.3 Actions 112
3.5.3 Awareness 113
3.5.3.1 Presence 113
3.5.3.2 Monitoring 113
3.6 Conclusion 114
References 115
Part II Theoretical Perspectives 117
4 Making Sense of What Is Going on 0Around0: Designing Environmental Awareness Information Displays 118
4.1 Introduction 118
4.2 Related Work 120
4.3 Key Concepts 123
4.3.1 Smooth Transitions Between Levels of Awareness 123
4.3.2 Combination of Different Output Modalities 124
4.3.3 Context is Content 124
4.3.4 Information Decoration 125
4.4 Case 1: Home Radio 125
4.4.1 First Design Cycle: Sound Solutions 126
4.4.1.1 Design Rationale 127
4.4.1.2 Main Findings 127
4.4.2 Second Design Cycle: Home Radio 128
4.4.2.1 Exploration of the Design Space 128
4.4.2.2 Generation of Design Solutions 129
4.4.2.3 Evaluation and Main Findings 131
4.5 Case 2: Data Fountain 133
4.5.1 Mapping Money Currency Rates to Water Jets 133
4.5.2 Rethink Fountains as Information Displays 134
4.6 Case 3: Birds Whispering 136
4.6.1 Representing the Presence of People Through Bird Sounds 136
4.6.2 Noise vs. Silence 136
4.6.3 Sound Design 137
4.6.4 Scenarios 138
4.7 Discussion and Conclusions 139
References 142
5 Social Inference Through Technology 144
5.1 Introduction 144
5.2 Projections of the Social 147
5.2.1 Anatomy of a Cue 148
5.2.2 Limitations of All Intermediaries 148
5.2.3 Can the Social be Projected? 149
5.3 Inferring a Projection 150
5.3.1 Elements of Social Inference 150
5.3.2 The Cognitive Miser 151
5.3.3 The Mediated ''Social'' as an Intrapsychic Process 152
5.4 The Psychology of Action 154
5.4.1 Goals and Motivations 156
5.4.2 Perception, Action, and Feedback 157
5.5 Examples From Mobile Awareness Systems 158
5.5.1 Effects of Pre-Knowledge 159
5.5.2 Selective Processing of Cues and Transfer 161
5.6 Conclusions 163
References 165
6 Abstractions of Awareness: Aware of What? 167
6.1 Introduction 167
6.2 Related Works 168
6.3 Model Overview 170
6.3.1 Observable Items and Awareness 172
6.3.2 Attributes, Attribute Providers and Nimbus 173
6.3.3 Resources, Resource Providers and Focus 175
6.3.4 Focus--Nimbus Negotiation and Awareness Systems 177
6.3.5 Closing the Gap 179
6.3.6 Example 180
6.3.6.1 Anna's Nimbus 180
6.3.6.2 John's Focus 181
6.3.6.3 John's Awareness 182
6.4 Communication Patterns 182
6.4.1 John's Nimbus and Plausible Deniability 182
6.4.2 Placing John's Focus in his Nimbus and Social Translucency 184
6.4.3 Keeping Symmetry Among John's and his Colleague's Nimbi 186
6.4.4 Making a Stranger Aware of Anna's Nimbus 187
6.5 Conclusion 188
6.6 Glossary 189
References 190
7 Phatic Interactions: Being Aware and Feeling Connected 191
7.1 Introduction 191
7.2 Human Communication 192
7.2.1 Approaching Communication 192
7.2.2 Jakobson's Model of Communication 193
7.2.3 The Phatic Function 194
7.2.4 Phatic Awareness 195
7.3 Phatic Technologies 196
7.4 Exploring Phatic Interactions 198
7.4.1 Mediating Intimacy 198
7.4.2 Intergenerational Play 199
7.4.3 Online Social Networks 200
7.5 Conclusion 202
References 203
8 Privacy Considerations in Awareness Systems: Designing with Privacy in Mind 205
8.1 Introduction 205
8.2 Privacy 206
8.3 Relationship Between Awareness and Privacy 209
8.3.1 Digital Domain 210
8.4 Relevant Research 212
8.4.1 User Studies 212
8.4.2 Theories, Principles, and Guidelines 213
8.4.3 Design Techniques 214
8.5 Positioning Awareness Systems 215
8.5.1 Nature of Awareness Mechanisms 215
8.5.2 Activity Coupling 216
8.5.3 Nature of Relationships 217
8.6 Designing with Privacy in Mind 217
8.6.1 Workplace Awareness Application 218
8.6.2 Instant Messaging Privacy Plugin 218
8.7 Conclusion 219
References 220
9 Grounding Privacy with Awareness: A Social Approach to Describe Privacy Related Issues in Awareness Systems 225
9.1 Introduction 225
9.2 Interpersonal Privacy: A Social Approach 227
9.3 Common Ground Theory 231
9.3.1 Coordination of Communication Activities as a Collaborative Process 232
9.3.2 Contribution Pairs: Presenting and Understanding Intentions to Communicate 232
9.3.3 Lightweight Coordination Mechanisms: Track-II Signals 232
9.3.4 Least Collaborative Effort: Developing and Using Common Ground Representations 233
9.4 The Privacy Grounding Model 233
9.4.1 Components 234
9.4.2 Mechanisms 236
9.4.3 Characterizations 237
9.5 Using PGM in Awareness Systems 239
9.5.1 Least Collaborative Effort and Track-II Characterizations 241
9.5.2 Intentionality, Channels and Ambiguity 241
9.6 Case Studies 242
9.6.1 Push-to-Talk 242
9.6.2 Media Spaces 243
9.6.3 Reachability Management Systems 243
9.7 Discussion 244
9.7.1 PGM Use -- A Social Analysis of Disclosure and Solitude Control 244
9.7.2 PGM Contribution -- Signalling and Grounding Privacy Intentions 245
9.8 Conclusions 246
References 247
10 Awareness Information with Speech and Sound 248
10.1 Introduction 248
10.1.1 Awareness Systems awareness systems 249
10.1.2 Group Awareness group awareness 249
10.1.3 Attention Shift and Peripheral Awareness peripheral awareness attention shift 251
10.2 Properties of Speech and Non-speech Audio audio speech audio non-speech 251
10.3 Auditory Interaction Techniques auditory interaction 253
10.4 Guidelines for Auditory Presentation Techniques 254
10.4.1 Speech guidelines speech 255
10.4.2 Auditory Icons 256
10.4.3 Earcons guidelines earcons 257
10.4.4 Music guidelines music 257
10.4.5 Soundscapes guidelines soundscapes 258
10.5 Auditory Awareness Systems auditory awareness systems 258
10.5.1 Structure of Auditory Awareness Applications 259
10.5.1.1 Mapping Between Concepts and Presentations 260
10.5.1.2 Timing, Transitions, Continuity and Consistency consistency 261
10.5.1.3 Controlling Auditory Presentation Compositions presentation composition control 262
10.5.2 Example Applications 263
10.5.3 A Speech-Based and Auditory Ubiquitous Office Environment 264
10.5.3.1 Data Gathering 265
10.5.3.2 Awareness Information awareness information 265
10.5.3.3 Audio Awareness Architecture 266
10.6 Summary and Discussion 268
10.6.1 Evaluation of Auditory Awareness Systems auditory awareness systems evaluation 268
10.6.2 Complementary Speech and Non-Speech Audio complementary speech and non-speech 270
References 271
Part III Applications 274
11 Awareware: Narrowcasting Attributes for Selective Attention, Privacy, and Multipresence 275
11.1 Introduction 275
11.1.1 Presence, Telepresence, and Copresence 276
11.1.2 Awareness and Presence Awareness 277
11.1.3 Narrowcasting and Privacy 278
11.1.4 Multiple Spaces 280
11.1.5 Multipresence, Anycasting, and Autofocus 281
11.1.6 Multipresence Scenarios 283
11.2 Related Research 284
11.3 Awareware: Audio Windowing Narrowcasting Systems 285
11.3.1 ''Multiplicity'': Java3D Workstation-Platformed Multiperspective Interface 286
11.3.1.1 Multiple Spaces 287
11.3.1.2 Visual Representation of Narrowcasting Operations 287
11.3.1.3 Visual Representation of Autofocus Operations 288
11.3.2 Con: (ippli DoJa) Mobile Device-Platformed Dynamic Map 290
11.3.2.1 Multiple Spaces 290
11.3.2.2 Visual Representation of Narrowcasting Operations 291
11.3.2.3 Visual Representation of Autofocus Operations 291
11.4 Narrowcasting Attributes for Presence Awareness 292
11.5 Future Research 299
11.5.1 Role-Based Issues 299
11.5.2 Next-Generation Mobile Phones 299
11.5.3 Convergence 299
11.5.4 ''Polite Calling'' for Social Gracefulness 300
11.6 Conclusion 301
References 302
12 Emotinet: A Framework for the Development of Social Awareness Systems 306
12.1 Introduction 306
12.2 Related Work 308
12.3 Emotinet 310
12.3.1 Architecture 312
12.3.2 The User Interface 315
12.4 The First Application 316
12.4.1 Example of Use 317
12.4.2 Design Principles 321
12.4.3 Text Processing 322
12.4.4 Collage Composer 322
12.5 Conclusions and Future Work 323
References 324
13 Conversational Awareness in Text-Based Computer Mediated Communication 327
13.1 Introduction 327
13.2 Review of Awareness Support 328
13.2.1 Presence Awareness 328
13.2.2 Emotional Awareness 329
13.2.3 Identity Awareness 330
13.2.4 Conversational Awareness 330
13.2.4.1 Awareness of Turn-Taking 330
13.2.4.2 Awareness of Conversational Context 331
13.2.4.3 Awareness of Multiple Conversations 331
13.3 User Needs and Requirements Analysis 332
13.3.1 Empirical User Study 332
13.3.2 Design Requirements 333
13.4 Mechanisms Supporting Conversational Awareness 334
13.4.1 Relaxed Instant Messenger (RIM) 334
13.4.1.1 RIM Support for Conversational Awareness 336
13.4.1.2 Evaluation of RIM 336
13.4.2 Conversation Dock (ConDock) 341
13.4.2.1 ConDock Supports Awareness of Multiple Conversations 342
13.4.2.2 Evaluation of ConDock 342
13.5 Discussion and Conclusions 343
13.5.1 Comparison of Awareness Support 343
13.5.2 Lessons from Developing Awareness Support 343
13.5.3 Conclusions 344
References 345
14 Fostering Social Engagement and Self-Efficacy in Later Life: Studies with Ubiquitous Computing 348
14.1 Introduction 348
14.2 Tools for Social Self-Efficacy 350
14.3 Prototypes Developed to Foster Social Engagement 351
14.3.1 Guideline 1: Depict Loneliness as a Temporary Drop in Social Activity Rather Than a Permanent Condition 352
14.3.1.1 Prototype 1: Social Network Displays 353
14.3.2 Guideline 2: Provide Windows into Others' Availability 355
14.3.2.1 Prototype 2: Presence Lamp 355
14.3.3 Guideline 3: Provide Cues to Foster Mastery of Social Situations 356
14.3.3.1 Prototype 3: Context ID 356
14.4 Participant Reactions 357
14.5 Future Directions 359
References 361
15 Awareness of Daily Life Activities 363
15.1 Introduction 363
15.2 User Studies 365
15.2.1 User Profiles 365
15.2.2 Interviews 365
15.2.3 Focus Groups 366
15.2.4 Questionnaires 367
15.3 Prototype Design and Implementation 367
15.3.1 Conceptual Design 368
15.3.2 Architectural Overview 369
15.3.3 Wireless Sensor Network and ADL-State-Extraction 369
15.3.4 Presence and Mobility Detection 370
15.3.5 Kitchen Activity Detection 371
15.3.6 Bed/Chair/Visitors Activity Detection 372
15.3.7 ADL-Semantics Extractor and State Database Host 372
15.3.8 Presentation Server 372
15.4 Evaluation 373
15.4.1 Participants 373
15.4.2 Apparatus and Maintenance 374
15.4.3 Results 374
15.5 Conclusion 375
References 376
16 Design and Evaluation of Intentionally Enriched Awareness 378
16.1 Introduction 378
16.1.1 Chapter Structure 380
16.2 Intentionally Enriched Awareness 380
16.2.1 Motivation 380
16.2.2 The Passive Actor passive actor 381
16.2.2.1 Awareness and Deliberation 381
16.2.3 A Model of Intentionally Enriched Awareness 382
16.2.3.1 Atmosphere 383
16.2.3.2 Effort and Disclosure 383
16.2.3.3 Disclosure Mechanisms Disclosure mechanisms 384
16.3 Related Work 384
16.3.1 Sharing Status 385
16.3.2 Displaying Messages 386
16.3.3 Today Messages 386
16.3.4 Single-Click Sharing 387
16.3.4.1 A History of Biff 387
16.3.5 Sharing of Structure 388
16.3.5.1 Shared Workspaces 388
16.3.5.2 Tagging 389
16.3.5.3 Disclosure in Social Networking 389
16.3.6 Discussion 389
16.3.6.1 Systems Related to Direct Disclosure 389
16.3.6.2 Systems Related to Indirect Disclosure 390
16.4 The AnyBiff System 390
16.4.1 AnyBiff Design AnyBiff design 391
16.4.1.1 Interface Elements AnyBiff interface 391
16.4.1.2 Biff Creation 392
16.4.1.3 Biff Subscription 392
16.4.1.4 Notification Mechanisms 392
16.4.1.5 AnyBiff Architecture AnyBiff architecture 393
16.5 AnyBiff Evaluation AnyBiff evaluation 393
16.5.1 Methodology 394
16.5.2 Findings 395
16.5.2.1 AnyBiff Usage AnyBiff usage 395
16.5.2.2 Conceptual Issues AnyBiff conceptual issues 397
16.5.2.3 Biff-Specific Usage 399
16.6 Design Implications 400
16.6.1 Potential and Challenges of Intentional Disclosure 401
16.6.2 The Space Between Awareness and Communication 401
16.6.3 Genericity, Ambiguity and Evolution 402
16.7 Summary and Conclusions 403
References 403
17 Situatedness of Awareness Information: Impact on the Design and Usage of Awareness Systems 407
17.1 Introduction 407
17.1.1 Situated Displays and the Importance of Place 408
17.1.2 Dimensions of Situatedness 409
17.1.3 Definitions of Awareness 410
17.1.4 Situated Displays and Awareness 412
17.2 Awareness in the Hermes System 414
17.2.1 Evolution of the Hermes System 416
17.2.2 Typical Scenarios of Use 417
17.2.3 Analysis of Usage Logs 419
17.2.4 Emergent Usages and Themes Relating to Awareness 420
17.2.4.1 Maintaining a Sense of Presence/Reason for Absence 420
17.2.4.2 Establishing Mood and Personal Situation 421
17.2.4.3 The ''I''m Not Here but I Should Be'' Awareness Message 422
17.2.4.4 Privacy, Control, Accuracy and Placement Issues 422
17.2.4.5 The Importance of Fitting in with Existing Routines 423
17.2.4.6 Appropriated (or Unintended by the Designer) Use 424
17.3 Design Considerations 424
17.3.1 The Situatedness of Displays 425
17.3.2 Situatedness and Types of Awareness 426
17.3.2.1 Awareness Messages of the Form: What I Am Doing… 426
17.3.2.2 Awareness Messages of the Form: What I Am Not Doing 427
17.3.2.3 Awareness Messages of the Form: Why I Am Not Doing It… 427
17.3.2.4 Relations to Broader Frameworks 427
17.3.3 Accuracy and Deliberate Imprecision Relating to Awareness 428
17.3.4 Awareness and Support for Communication 429
17.4 Concluding Remarks 430
17.4.1 Summary of Design Considerations 430
References 431
Part IV Evaluating Awareness Systems 433
18 Supporting Family Awareness with the Whereabouts Clock 434
18.1 Introduction 434
18.2 Related Work 436
18.3 Designing a Location Awareness System for the Family 438
18.4 Trial Method 440
18.5 Results 441
18.5.1 Unpacking Awareness in a Family Context 442
18.5.1.1 Coordination and Communication 442
18.5.1.2 Reassurance 443
18.5.1.3 Connectedness and Togetherness 445
18.5.1.4 Expressing Identity 445
18.5.1.5 Social Touch 446
18.5.2 Privacy 447
18.6 Awareness and Family Life 448
18.7 Implications 450
18.8 Conclusions 452
References 453
19 Evaluating Peripheral Displays 455
19.1 Introduction 455
19.2 Specialized Frameworks and Methods 456
19.2.1 Models 456
19.2.2 Methods 457
19.3 Evaluation Criteria 457
19.3.1 Traditional Usability Criteria 458
19.3.1.1 Learnability 459
19.3.1.2 Error Visibility and Recovery 459
19.3.1.3 Usefulness 460
19.3.1.4 User Satisfaction 460
19.3.2 Criteria Related to Attention Issues 461
19.3.2.1 Awareness 461
19.3.2.2 Distraction 462
19.3.3 A Note About Design Mechanisms and Summary 462
19.4 Case Study: Two E-Mail Display Evaluations 463
19.4.1 Display Designs to Improve E-Mail Awareness 463
19.4.2 Formative Evaluation: Heuristic Evaluation 464
19.4.2.1 Results 465
19.4.2.2 Design Iteration 465
19.4.3 Summative Evaluation 466
19.4.3.1 Lab Study 467
19.4.3.2 Field Study 468
19.4.3.3 Results 470
19.4.3.4 Discussion 474
19.4.4 Open Questions 477
19.5 Conclusion 477
References 478
20 Measuring Affective Benefits and Costs of Mediated Awareness: Development and Validation of the ABC-Questionnaire 481
20.1 Introduction 481
20.1.1 Social Presence and Media Richness 483
20.1.2 Social Connectedness 484
20.2 Construction of the ABC-Questionnaire 485
20.2.1 Initial Development of the ABC-Q 486
20.2.2 Validation Study 487
20.2.3 Extending the Questionnaire 489
20.3 Conclusions 490
20.4 Appendix: The ABC-Questionnaire 491
Introductory Instructions 491
The Questionnaire 491
Scoring Instructions 493
Benefits of Communication 493
Cost of Communication 494
References 494
Index 497