Flows of Reactive Fluids (eBook)

Preface 7
List of Symbols 9
Contents 17
1 Introduction 24
2 Equations of State 30
2.1 Defining the State Variables of a Mixture 31
2.2 Thermodynamic Functions and Equation of State for Simple Fluids and Solids 35
2.3 Properties of Mixtures 48
2.4 Reactive Mixtures 58
2.5 Thermodynamic Stability 65
2.6 Surface Tension 69
3 Transfer Phenomena and Chemical Kinetics 74
3.1 General Information on Irreversible Phenomena 75
3.2 Presenting the Coefficients of Transfer via the Thermodynamics of Irreversible Processes 84
3.3 Other Ways of Presenting the Transfer Coefficients 86
3.4 Elements of Chemical Kinetics 91
4 Balance Equations for Reactive Flows 95
4.1 Passage to the Continuum: Example of Thermal Transfer in a Continuous Medium at Rest 96
4.2 Reminder of the Concepts of the Material Derivative and Strain in a Simple Medium 98
4.3 Mass Balance of Species j and Total Mass Balance in a Composite Medium 100
4.4 General Balance Equation for a Property F 102
4.5 Momentum Balance 105
4.6 Energy Balance 105
4.7 Flux and Entropy Production in a Discrete System 107
4.8 Entropy Balance in a Continuous Medium 111
4.9 Balance Laws for Discontinuities in Continuous Media 112
4.10 Other Methodologies for Balance Laws 114
5 Dimensionless Numbers and Similarity 118
5.1 Elements of Dimensional Analysis: .i Ratios 119
5.2 Similarity 122
5.3 Analytical Search for the Solutions to a Heat Transfer Problem ( Self- Similar Solution) 125
5.4 A Few Dimensionless Numbers 126
6 Chemical Reactors 130
6.1 Ideal and Real Reactors 130
6.2 Homogeneous Perfectly Stirred Chemical Reactors 132
6.3 Residence Time Distribution 142
7 Coupled Phenomena 147
7.1 General Information 148
7.2 Coupling Between Chemical Kinetics and Nondissipative Flow: Compressible Reactive Fluid 152
7.3 Thermal Transfer and Mass Diffusion 160
7.4 Shvab–Zel’dovich Approximation 162
7.5 Phase Change of a Pure Constituent in a Gaseous Mixture 164
7.6 Thermal Osmosis: Minimum Entropy Production 166
7.7 Coupling Between Chemical Kinetics and Dissipative Flow: Laminar Flames 169
7.8 Coupling Between Heat and Momentum Transfer in the Presence of Gravity 178
7.9 Surface Tension and Viscosity 181
8 Turbulent Flow Concepts 188
8.1 Experimental Evidence for Turbulence 189
8.2 Turbulence Onset and Damping 193
8.3 Classical Turbulence Theory 208
8.4 Turbulent Combustion 221
8.5 Concepts of Large Eddy Simulation 238
8.6 Conclusion 247
9 Boundary Layers and Fluid Layers 249
9.1 Unsteady Boundary Layers 250
9.2 Steady Flow of a Viscous Incompressible Fluid Between Two Coaxial Cylinders 253
9.3 Steady Incompressible Laminar Boundary Layer Above a Flat Plate 261
9.4 Steady Laminar Boundary Layers with Chemical Reactions Above a Flat Plate 269
9.5 The Rotating Disc 278
9.6 Turbulent Boundary Layer and Dimensional Analysis 285
10 Reactive and Nonreactive Waves 294
10.1 Continuous and Discontinuous One-Dimensional Waves in a Barotropic Medium 295
10.2 Small Motions of a Fluid in Linearized Theory 304
10.3 The Case of Small Stationary Disturbances 311
10.4 The Rankine–Hugoniot Relations 319
10.5 Deflagration Waves 326
10.6 Structure of the Planar Detonation Wave 333
10.7 Spherical Waves 340
11 Interface Phenomena 349
11.1 General Information About Interfaces 350
11.2 General Form of Interface Balance Laws 354
11.3 Interface Balance Laws When Surface Variables Obey Classical Thermodynamic Relations 359
11.4 Constitutive Relations of Interfaces 361
11.5 Interfaces with Resistance to Wrinkling 374
11.6 Concepts of Second-Gradient Theory 379
11.7 Conclusions Regarding Interface Equations 380
12 Multiphase Flow Concepts 381
12.1 Formation of a Two-Phase Flow: Droplet Generation 383
12.2 Simplified Model of a Flow with Particles 389
12.3 Flow with Evaporating Droplets 406
12.4 Problems at the Particle Scale 415
A Appendix 445
A.1 Tensor Notation 445
A.2 Motion and Field of Deformation of an Interfacial Layer 447
A.3 Geometry of Interfaces and Interfacial Layers in Curvilinear Coordinates 448
A.4 Kinematics of Interfaces and Interfacial Layers 455
A.5 Supercritical Fluids 458
A.6 More on Transfer Coefficient Determination 465
References 473
Index 487