Irreversible Electroporation (eBook)

Title Page 2
Preface 7
Contents 12
Historical Review of Irreversible Electroporation in Medicine 14
Introduction 14
The 18^{th} and 19^{th} Centuries 15
First Half of the 20^{th} Century 16
1950 to 1970 18
1970 to 1990 20
1990 to 2000 23
2000 to 2008 25
References 28
Tissue Electroporation as a Bioelectric Phenomenon: Basic Concepts 35
Introduction 35
Overview of Basic Electricity Concepts 37
Cells and Tissues in Electrical Terms 43
Electroporation Threshold 47
Time Course of Currents and Electric Fields during Electroporation Pulses 54
Conductivity Changes Induced by Electroporation 61
Effect of Electroporation on Other Bioelectric Phenomena 65
References 67
Experimental Studies on Irreversible Electroporation of Cells 74
Introduction 74
Pore Formation 75
Resealing Process 80
Factors That Affect the Uptake, Efficiency and Viability of the Cells 82
Changes in the Cell Caused by Electroporation 87
Irreversible Electroporation Studies in Mammalian Cells 89
Discussion 90
References 90
Mechanism of Irreversible Electroporation in Cells: Insight from the Models 95
Introduction 95
Background: IRE in Planar Membranes 96
$Experimental Observations$ 96
$Theory of Electroporation in Planar Membranes: Pore Energy$ 97
$Mechanism of Membrane Rupture$ 99
$Revised Effect of the Transmembrane Potential on Pore Energy$ 100
$Dynamics of Membrane Rupture$ 101
IRE in Cells under Voltage-Clamp Conditions 102
IRE in Cells in External Electric Field 103
$Transmembrane Potential and Pore Creation$ 103
$Cell Deformation by the Field$ 107
$Effect of Pores on Membrane Tension$ 109
$Postshock Pore Shrinkage and Coarsening$ 112
$Membrane Tension-Induced Leakage through Pores$ 115
$Change in Ionic Concentrations and Colloidal-Osmotic Swelling$ 117
$Other Processes Affecting Irreversibility of Electroporation$ 119
Possible Mechanisms of Cell Death during IRE 122
Parameters of the Model 125
References 126
Thermal Aspects of Irreversible Electroporation 133
Introduction 133
Effects of Electroporation Fields 134
$Transmembrane Potential$ 134
$Electric Field Threshold$ 136
$Properties Change during Electroporation$ 136
$Joule Heating$ 138
$Thermal Regimes$ 139
Determining the Temperature Distribution 139
$Derivation of Heat Diffusion Equation from 1^{st} Principles$ 139
$Bioheat Equation$ 141
$Bioheat Equation Transformation$ 141
$Non-dimensionalized Form of the Bioheat Equation$ 142
Modeling for Treatment Planning 143
$Models$ 143
$Accuracy of 2D versus 3D$ 144
$Boundary Conditions$ 144
$Cell Constants$ 146
$Heat Dissipation$ 148
$Geometrical Considerations$ 150
Special Considerations When Modeling Tissues 153
$Tissue Heterogeneity$ 153
$Temperature Dependent Properties$ 156
Assessing Thermal Effects 157
$Damage Equation$ 157
$Analytical Model$ 158
$Analytical Results$ 159
$Equivalent Thermal Dose Equation$ 160
Conclusion 161
References 161
Experimental Studies on Non-thermal Irreversible Electroporation in Tissue 165
Introduction 165
NTIRE of the Liver 165
NTIRE of the Prostate 177
NTIRE of the Heart and the Cardiovascular System 179
NTIRE in the Treatment of Tumors 185
Summary of Experimental Studies 189
References 190
Finite Element Modeling of in Vivo Electroporation 192
Introduction 192
Which Modeling Method to Use? 193
Finite Element Method 194
Geometrical Considerations 194
Physical Considerations 197
Biological Tissues 200
Model Verification and Validation 206
Summary 207
References 208
Optimization and Numerical Modeling in Irreversible Electroporation Treatment Planning 212
Introduction 212
A Brief Overview of Irreversible Electroporation Basics 213
Radiation Therapy vs. Irreversible Electroporation Procedure 214
Medical Imaging 215
Delineation of Clinical Volumes and Definition of Dose Constraints 216
Tissue Properties 217
Dose Calculation Algorithms 217
Multiphysics (Applicable to Irreversible Electroporation Only) 218
Forward and Inverse Treatment Planning Procedure 218
Tumor Ablation with Irreversible Electroporation Treatment Planning Examples 220
Conclusions 225
References 227
The Place of the Electroporation-Based Antitumor Therapies in the Electrical Armamentarium against Cancer 232
Introduction: Reversible and Irreversible « Electroporation » 232
Antitumor Treatments Based on the Delivery of Electricity 233
$Worldwide Current Technologies$ 234
$Technologies Used in the Clinical Practice in Various Parts of the World$ 234
$Experimental Approaches$ 235
Electrochemotherapy 235
$The Electrochemotherapy Concept$ 235
$ases of the Electrochemotherapy$ 236
$Electrochemotherapy in the Clinics$ 237
The Complementarities of Electrochemotherapy and IRE Approaches 238
Conclusion 239
References 239
Irreversible Electroporation: First Patient Experience Focal Therapy of Prostate Cancer 243
Introduction 243
Methods 244
Results 246
Discussion 249
References 253
Human Experience with Irreversible Electroporation 256
Illustrations 259
Irreversible Electroporation Systems for Clinical Use 262
Introduction 262
General Safety Remarks 263
General Device Structure 264
Design Issues 267
$Pulse Generation$ 267
$Pulse Transformer$ 268
$High Voltage Generator$ 270
$Speed Issue$ 272
$Variable Load$ 272
$Size Issue$ 274
Software Architecture 274
$The Graphical User Interface$ 274
$Power Unit Control$ 276
$Regulation and Standards$ 277
Conclusions 278
References 278
The Use of Irreversible Electroporation in Food Preservation 280
The Need for Food Preservation 280
Major Preservation Technologies 281
Safety and Quality Loss 283
Modern Need and Customer Demand 283
Introduction to Irreversible Electroporation Theory and Applications 284
Applications of Irreversible Electroporation in Food Industry 286
$Technology$ 286
$Process Factors$ 287
$Influence of a Kind of Microbial Contamination$ 289
$Product Parameters$ 292
Hurdle Technology Implementation of IRE in Food Treatment 296
IRE and Temperature Combination 297
Combination of IRE and Microbial Agents 297
$Combination of IRE and High Pressure CO_{2}$ 298
$IRE and High Hydrostatic Pressure (HHP)$ 298
$Ultrasound and IRE Combination$ 299
$Ultraviolet Irradiation and IRE Combination$ 299
Examples of Product Treatment 300
$Water$ 300
$Beer and Wine$ 300
$Grape Juice$ 301
$Apple Juice$ 301
$Orange Juice$ 302
$Tomato Juice$ 303
$Milk$ 303
$Yakju (Rice Wine)$ 305
$Egg Processing$ 305
$Green Tea$ 306
$Green Pea Soup$ 306
$Sour Cherry Juice, Peach and Apricot Nectars$ 307
Future Research Needs 307
References 307
Author Index 320