Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering (eBook)

PREFACE 6
TABLE OF CONTENTS 7
CHAPTER 1 SPT- AND CPT-BASED RELATIONSHIPS FOR THE RESIDUAL SHEAR STRENGTH OF LIQUEFIED SOILS 21
1. Introduction 21
2. Case history studies 23
3. SPT-based correlation for residual strength 27
4. CPT-based correlation for residual strength 32
5. Concluding remarks 37
Acknowledgments 40
REFERENCES 41
CHAPTER 2 LONG PERIOD STRONG GROUND MOTION AND ITS USE AS INPUT TO DISPLACEMENT BASED DESIGN 43
1. Introduction 43
2. Empirical prediction of displacement spectral response (DRS) over a broad period range 44
3. Response of alluvium filled valleys and basins 57
4. Overdamped spectra 63
5. Hazard representations in spectral displacements 64
Acknowledgements 68
Notes 68
REFERENCES 69
CHAPTER 3 SITE EFFECTS: FROM OBSERVATION AND MODELLING TO ACCOUNTING FOR THEM IN BUILDING CODES 73
1. Introduction 73
2. Estimation of site effects 75
3. Modelling site effects. The importance of the model 81
4. Accounting for site effects in building codes 87
5. Concluding remarks 89
Acknowledgements 90
REFERENCES 90
CHAPTER 4 SOURCE AND SITE FACTORS IN MICROZONATION 93
1. Introduction 93
2. Input motion 94
3. Site characterisation 98
4. Microzonation 100
5. Spectral accelerations for vulnerability assessments 106
6. Conclusions 109
Acknowledgements 110
REFERENCES 110
CHAPTER 5 A REVIEW OF LARGE-SCALE TESTING FACILITIES IN GEOTECHNICAL EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING 113
1. Introduction 113
2. Instrumented test sites 115
3. Mobile laboratories 126
4. Large-scale testing facilities 133
5. Earthquake loading aboard geotechnical centrifuges 138
6. International collaboration 143
7. Summary and conclusions 147
REFERENCES 147
CHAPTER 6 MODELLING OF DYNAMIC SOIL PROBLEMS 151
1. Introduction 151
2. Constitutive modelling framework 152
3. Fabric, soil stiffness and laboratory geophysics 153
4. NEMISREF mitigation of foundation response 157
5. Macroelement analysis 162
6. Conclusions 167
Acknowledgements 168
REFERENCES 168
CHAPTER 7 FIELD SEISMIC TESTING IN GEOTECHNICAL EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING 171
1. Introduction 171
2. Deeper seismic profiling 172
3. In-situ parametric studies 174
4. Conclusions 176
Acknowledgments 177
REFERENCES 177
CHAPTER 8 LIQUEFACTION STRENGTHS OF POORLY-GRADED AND WELL-GRADED GRANULAR SOILS INVESTIGATED BY LAB TESTS 179
1. Introduction 179
2. Effect of grain size curve on S-wave velocity and N-value 183
3. Effect of grain size distribution on cyclic strength 189
4. Effect of particle gradation on post-liquefaction behavior 198
5. Conclusions 202
Acknowledgments 203
REFERENCES 203
CHAPTER 9 SHALLOW AND DEEP FOUNDATIONS UNDER FAULT RUPTURE OR STRONG SEISMIC SHAKING 205
1. Introduction 205
2. Fault-rupture propagation and its interaction with foundations 206
3. Nonlinear response of shallow foundations to strong seismic excitation 221
Acknowledgements 230
REFERENCES 230
CHAPTER 10 SEISMIC DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE OF SURFACE FOUNDATIONS 237
1. Introduction 237
2. Ultimate limit state design of shallow foundations in Eurocode 8 238
3. Serviceability limit state design of shallow foundations for earthquake loading 244
4. Spring models for shallow foundations on soil 248
5. Integrated design of structure-foundation systems 255
6. Conclusions 261
REFERENCES 261
CHAPTER 11 LIQUEFACTION PERFORMANCE OF SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS IN PRESENCE OF A SOIL CRUST 265
1. Introduction 265
2. Existing background 266
3. Numerical analysis of liquefaction performance 273
4. Evaluation of degraded bearing capacity 276
5. Evaluation of liquefaction settlements 280
6. Performance-based design issues 286
7. Concluding remarks 291
Acknowledgments 293
REFERENCES 293
CHAPTER 12 SEISMIC DESIGN OF PILE FOUNDATIONS FOR LIQUEFACTION EFFECTS 297
1. Introduction 297
2. Pile groups in laterally spreading ground 298
3. Pinning effects for approach embankments 312
4. Other issues and considerations 319
5. Summary remarks 320
Acknowledgments 320
REFERENCES 321
CHAPTER 13 SEISMIC ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF GEOTECHNICAL STRUCTURES 323
1. Introduction 323
2. Assemblage of soil particles 324
3. Some findings on seismic analysis 330
4. Performance-based design 336
5. Emerging trends in design 340
6. Designing large urban areas against combined hazards 341
7. Conclusions 343
REFERENCES 344
CHAPTER 14 SIMPLIFIED SEISMIC SLOPE DISPLACEMENT PROCEDURES 347
1. Introduction 347
2. Seismic displacement analysis 348
3. Components of a seismic displacement analysis 349
4. Critique of some simplified seismic displacement methods 354
5. Bray and Travasarou (2007) simplified seismic displacement procedure 360
6. Conclusions 370
Acknowledgments 370
REFERENCES 371
CHAPTER 15 DEVELOPMENTS OF SOIL IMPROVEMENT TECHNOLOGIES FOR MITIGATION OF LIQUEFACTION RISK 375
1. Introduction 375
2. Sand densification 376
3. Soil improvement by grouting 385
4. Dissipation of excess pore water pressure 396
5. Conclusion 402
Acknowledgements 402
REFERENCES 402
CHAPTER 16 REMEDIATION METHODS AGAINST LIQUEFACTION WHICH CAN BE APPLIED TO EXISTING STRUCTURES 405
1. Introduction 405
2. Remediation methods against liquefaction compiled in 1993 ( partially quoted from Yasuda, 2005a) 406
3. Restrictions to be considered in remediation techniques for existing structures 406
4. Remediation methods for existing raft foundations 410
5. Remediation methods for existing pile foundations 413
6. Remediation methods for existing embankments 414
7. Remediation methods for existing sea walls 416
8. Remediation methods for existing buried structures 418
9. Remediation methods for existing structures affected by ground flow 420
10. Concluding remarks 424
REFERENCES 425
CHAPTER 17 LIFELINE PERFORMANCE UNDER EXTREME LOADING DURING EARTHQUAKES 427
1. Introduction 427
2. Geotechnical earthquake loading 429
3. Lifeline system response to earthquakes 431
4. Large-scale tests of ground rupture effects on steel pipelines with elbows 436
5. Lateral soil-structure interaction during ground failure 438
6. Large-scale tests of ground rupture effects on HDPE pipelines 445
7. Concluding remarks 449
Acknowledgments 450
REFERENCES 451
CHAPTER 18 SEISMIC RISK ASSESSMENT OF UNDERGROUND STRUCTURES UNDER TRANSIENT GROUND DEFORMATIONS 453
1. Introduction 453
2. Earthquake-induced transient ground strains 455
3. Hazard maps and seismic risk assessment of underground pipeline systems 465
4. Application examples 467
5. Conclusions 476
Acknowledgments 476
REFERENCES 477
CHAPTER 19 ISSUES IN SEISMIC RISK ASSESSMENT OF TRANSPORTATION NETWORKS 481
1. Introduction 481
2. Overview of transportation risk assessment 483
3. Application to the San Francisco Bay Area Transportation Network 492
4. Conclusions 499
Acknowledgment 499
REFERENCES 499
Index 501