New Directions in Wireless Communications Research (eBook)

Preface 6
Contents 8
Measurement and Modeling of Wireless Channels 25
David G. Michelson and Saeed S. Ghassemzadeh 25
Introduction 25
A Brief History 27
Characterization of Wireless Channels 28
Development of New Channel Models 33
Measurement of Wireless Channels 35
Recent Advances in Channel Modeling 37
Channel Models for Ultrawideband Wireless Systems 37
Channel Models for MIMO-Based Wireless Systems 40
Channel Models for Body Area Networks 42
Channel Models for Short-Range Vehicular Networks 44
Channel Models for 60GHz and Terahertz Systems 46
Conclusions 48
References 49
OFDM: Principles and Challenges 52
Nicola Marchetti, Muhammad Imadur Rahman, Sanjay Kumar, and Ramjee Prasad 52
Introduction 52
History and Development of OFDM 53
The Benefit of Using Multi-carrier Transmission 54
OFDM Transceiver Systems 57
Analytical Model of OFDM System 58
Transmitter 58
Channel 60
Receiver 61
Sampling 64
Advantages of OFDM System 65
Combating ISI and Reducing ICI 65
Spectral Efficiency 66
Some Other Benefits of OFDM System 67
Disadvantages of OFDM System 68
Strict Synchronization Requirement 68
Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR) 68
Co-channel Interference in Cellular OFDM 69
OFDM System Design Issues 69
OFDM System Design Requirements 69
OFDM System Design Parameters 70
Multi-carrier Based Access Techniques 72
Definition of Basic Schemes 72
Single-Carrier vs Multi-carrier, TDE vs FDE 75
Single-Carrier FDE 75
Single-Carrier vs Multi-carrier, FDE vs TDE 77
Analogies and Differences Between OFDM and SCFDE 77
Interoperability of SCFDE and OFDM 79
OFDMA: An Example of Future Applications 81
Conclusions 83
References 84
Recent Advances in Low-Correlation Sequences 86
Gagan Garg, Tor Helleseth, and P. Vijay Kumar 86
Introduction 86
Cyclic Hadamard Difference Sets 87
Introduction 87
The Merit Factor of Binary Sequences 94
Introduction 94
Low-Correlation QAM Sequences 99
Preliminaries 100
Quaternary Family A 101
Canonical 16-QAM Family CQ 101
Extensions and Improvements 103
Example: Generation of a 16-QAM Sequence 106
Low-Correlation Zone Sequences 107
Additional Notes 109
Merit Factor 109
QAM Sequences 110
Low-Correlation Zone Sequences 110
Conclusions 111
References 111
Resource Allocation in Wireless Systems 116
Jon W. Mark and Lian Zhao 116
Introduction 116
System Model 118
The Inverse of S 122
Convergence of Power Distribution Law 123
With Zero Disturbance 123
With Nonzero Disturbance 125
With Power Constraints 126
Capacity Analysis 128
Optimal Data Rate Allocation 129
Assumptions 129
Optimal Spreading Factor (OSF) Selection 130
Rate Selection for GRP 130
Joint Rate and Power Adaptation 131
OSF-PC 131
GRP-PC 132
Numerical Results 134
Conclusions 138
References 139
Iterative Receivers and Their Graphical Models 141
Ezio Biglieri 141
Introduction 141
MAP Symbol Detection 141
Factor Graphs and the Sum--Product Algorithm 143
The Basic Factorization 145
Channel and Codes: A Menagerie of Factor Graphs 146
Modeling the Channel 146
Modeling the Code 148
Equalization 149
Multiuser Detection 152
MIMO Detection 153
Multilevel Coded Modulation 155
Convergence of the Iterative Algorithm 155
Conclusions 157
References 158
Fundamentals of Multi-user MIMO Communications 160
Luca Sanguinetti and H. Vincent Poor 160
Introduction 160
System Model 161
Capacity 162
Capacity Region of the Gaussian MIMO MAC 163
Gaussian MIMO Broadcast Channel 171
Open- and Closed-Loop Systems 179
Open-Loop Systems 180
Closed-Loop Systems 181
System Design 181
Receiver Design for Uplink Transmissions 181
Transmitter Design for Downlink Transmissions 182
Limited Feedback Systems 188
Channel Quantization 188
Random Beamforming 189
Transceiver Optimization 190
Conclusions 190
References 191
Collaborative Beamforming 195
Hideki Ochiai and Hideki Imai 195
Introduction 195
System Model and Beam Patterns of Fixed Nodes 197
Array Factor and Beam Pattern 198
Beam Patterns of Linear Arrays 200
Beam Patterns of Circular Arrays 203
Collaborative Beamforming by Randomly Distributed Nodes 205
Definition 206
Average Beam Patterns 208
Distribution of Beam Patterns 210
Distribution of Maxima in Sidelobe 214
Conclusions 216
References 217
Cooperative Wireless Networks 218
Behnaam Aazhang, Chris B. Steger, Gareth B. Middleton,eserved @d = *@let@token and Brett Kaufman 218
Introduction 218
Overview 218
Physical Layer Cooperation 219
System Model 221
Wide Area Network 221
Multiple Flows and Flow Priority 222
Cooperative Building Blocks 223
Learning About the Environment: Network State Information 224
NSI Overhead Management 225
NSI Metric 225
Finding the Optimal Cooperative Path 226
Routing Cooperative Paths 226
Trellis Representation 227
Timing, Interference, and Duplexing Management 228
Traversal Algorithms 229
Network Discovery 229
Filling the Trellis: Gathering States, Edges, and NSI 230
Filling the Trellis: Metanodes 231
Conclusions 231
References 232
Interference Rejection and Management 236
Arun Batra, James R. Zeidler, John G. Proakis, and Laurence B. Milstein 236
Introduction 236
Self-Interference Among Cooperating Systems 237
Interference Suppression to Enable Spectrum Sharing 237
Effects of Interference on Channel State Estimation 239
Interference Mitigation in Block-Modulated MulticarrierSystems 242
Interference Mitigation in an Uncoded Multicarrier System 243
Interference Mitigation in Coded Multicarrier Systems 252
Doppler Sensitivity of OFDM in Mobile Applications 254
Interference Suppression in Broadcast MIMO Systems 255
Linear Precoding of the Transmitted Signals 256
Nonlinear Precoding of the Transmitted Signals: The QR Decomposition 258
Vector Precoding 263
Lattice Reduction Method for Precoding 265
Conclusions 266
References 267
Cognitive Radio: From Theory to Practical Network Engineering 270
Ekram Hossain, Long Le, Natasha Devroye, and Mai Vu 270
Introduction 270
Information-Theoretic Limits of Cognitive Networks 272
Cognitive Behavior: Interference Avoidance, Control, and Mitigation 272
Information-Theoretic Basics 273
Interference Avoidance: Spectrum Interweave 274
Interference Control: Spectrum Underlay 275
Interference Mitigation: Spectrum Overlay 278
Cognitive Sensing with Side Information 283
Interference Analysis 285
A Network with Beacons 286
A Network with Primary Exclusive Regions 287
Practical Cognitive Network Engineering: Interference Control Approach 288
Single-Antenna Case 289
Multiple Antenna Case 292
Practical Cognitive Network Engineering: Interference Avoidance Approach 292
Single-Hop Case 293
Multi-hop Case 301
Conclusions 302
References 303
Coded Bidirectional Relaying in Wireless Networks 309
Petar Popovski and Toshiaki Koike-Akino 309
Introduction 309
Preliminaries 311
Two-Way Relaying with Decoding at the Relay 313
The Uplink Phase 313
The Broadcast Phase 314
Improved Broadcast Strategies 315
Numerical Illustration 318
Two-Way Relaying Without Decoding at the Relay 320
Amplify-and-Forward (AF) 320
Denoise-and-Forward (DNF) 321
Compress-and-Forward (CF) 323
Numerical Illustration and Variations 324
Achieving the Two-Way Rates with Structured Codes 325
Parity-Check Codes for Binary Symmetric Channels 325
Gaussian Channel 327
Signaling Constellations for Finite Packet Lengths 330
XOR Denoising 330
Adaptive Denoising with Quintary Cardinality 331
End-to-End Throughput Performance 332
Conclusions 333
References 334
Minimum Cost Subgraph Algorithms for Static and Dynamic Multicasts with Network Coding 335
Fang Zhao, Muriel Médard, Desmond Lun, and Asuman Ozdaglar 335
Introduction 335
Problem Formulation 338
Wireline Networks 338
Wireless Networks 340
Decentralized Min-cost Subgraph Algorithms for Static Multicast 342
Subgradient Method for Decentralized Subgraph Optimization 343
Convergence Rate Analysis 346
Initialization and Primal Solution Recovery 352
Simulation Results 353
Min-cost Subgraph Algorithms for Dynamic Multicasts 358
Nonrearrangeable Algorithm 358
Rearrangeable Algorithms 360
Simulation Results 363
Conclusions 365
References 366
Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB) 368
Masoud Olfat 368
Introduction 368
UMB Overall Architecture 369
UMB Physical Layer 372
Superframe Structure 373
UMB FL Channelization 377
Reverse Link in UMB 383
UMB MAC Layer 391
Other PHY/MAC-layer features in UMB 401
Conclusions 403
References 403
Mobile WiMAX 405
Masoud Olfat 405
Introduction 405
Standardization Process 406
WiMAX Forum 407
WiMAX Network Architecture 409
Network Reference Models 410
ASN profiles 411
Mobility Management 413
Physical Layer 415
S-OFDMA Frame Structure 417
Subchannel Permutation 418
Frame Structure 422
Channel Coding 423
Multiple Antenna Modes in Mobile WiMAX 425
Power Control and Link Adaptation 429
Medium Access Control Layer 432
Quality of Service 436
Power Saving Mode 437
Multicast Broadcast Services 438
Handoff 439
Security and Authentication in WiMAX 441
WiMAX Performance 442
Future Work Toward IMT-Advanced 443
Conclusions 444
References 445
An Overview of 3GPP Long-Term Evolution Radio AccessNetwork 446
Sassan Ahmadi 446
Introduction 446
Chronology of 3GPP Air Interface Technology Development 447
3GPP LTE System Requirements 448
Overall Network Architecture 449
LTE Protocol Structure 451
Overview of the LTE Physical Layer 453
Multiple Access Schemes 453
Operating Frequencies and Bandwidths 454
Frame Structure 457
Physical Resource Blocks 458
Modulation and Coding 459
Physical Channel Processing 459
Reference Signals 461
Physical Control Channels 463
Physical Random Access Channel 465
Cell Search 467
Link Adaptation 467
Multi-antenna Techniques in LTE 468
Overview of the LTE Layer 2 469
Logical and Transport Channels 470
ARQ and HARQ in LTE 473
Packet Data Convergence Sublayer (PDCP) 473
Radio Resource Control Functions (RRC) 473
Mobility Management and Handover in LTE 475
LTE Performance 477
Future Work Toward IMT-Advanced 477
Conclusions 479
References 479
Index 481