Handbook of Remote Biometrics (eBook)

Foreword 5
Preface 6
Contents 7
Contributors 9
Part I Advances in Remote Biometrics 12
Chapter 1 Biometrics at a Distance: Issues, Challenges, and Prospects 13
1.1 Introduction 13
1.2 Biometric Technologies 15
1.3 Biometric Sensing from a Distance 17
1.4 Applications and Deployment of Biometrics 21
1.5 Privacy and Identity Management in Distributed Intelligent Systems 27
References 29
Chapter 2 Iris Recognition – Beyond One Meter 32
2.1 Background 32
2.2 Acquisition – Photons to Pixels 42
2.3 Segmentation, Template Generation, and Matching: Pixels to Identity 49
2.4 Issues for Iris Recognition at a Distance 51
2.5 Current State of the Art for Iris at a Distance 58
References 66
Chapter 3 View Invariant Gait Recognition 69
3.1 Introduction 69
3.2 2D View Invariant Gait Recognition 70
3.3 3D Gait Recognition 82
3.4 Conclusions 86
References 86
Chapter 4 Advanced Technologies for Touchless Fingerprint Recognition 90
4.1 Introduction 90
4.2 Touchless Finger Imaging 91
4.3 The 3D Touchless Fingerprinting 96
4.4 Sensor Interoperability 99
4.5 Virtual Rolling of 3D Touchless Fingerprints 99
4.6 Enhancing Touchless Fingerprints 106
4.7 Touchless Fingerprint Image Quality 108
4.8 Vulnerability of Touchless Fingerprint Imaging Devices 112
4.9 Summary 114
References 115
Chapter 5 Face Recognition in Humans and Machines 117
5.1 Introduction 117
5.2 Human Face Perception and Recognition 118
5.3 Face Recognition Technologies 133
5.4 Face Recognition at a Distance 147
5.5 A Comparative Study of Human and Machine Performances 147
References 152
Chapter 6 Face Recognition at a Distance: System Issues 160
6.1 Introduction 160
6.2 Issues in Video-Based Face Recognition 161
6.3 Making FRAD Systems 164
6.4 Examples of FRAD Systems 166
6.5 Evaluation of FRAD Systems 170
References 171
Chapter 7 Long-Range Facial Image Acquisition and Quality 173
7.1 Image Acquisition 173
7.2 Photo-Heads: Controlled Experiments in Long-Range Face 183
7.3 In the Middle: Atmospheric andWeather 185
7.4 In the End: Measuring Quality 188
7.5 Conclusions 193
References 194
Chapter 8 A Review of Video-Based Face Recognition Algorithms 197
8.1 Introduction 197
8.2 Utility of Video in Enhancing Performance of Image-Based Task 198
8.3 Spatiotemporal Face Recognition Systems 204
8.4 Databases 215
References 218
Chapter 9 3D Face Recognition: Technology and Applications 221
9.1 Introduction 221
9.2 Technology and Applications 222
9.3 Three-Dimensional Face Recognition Technology 226
9.4 Challenges and a Case Study 237
9.5 Conclusions 244
References 245
Chapter 10 Machine Learning Techniques for Biometrics 251
10.1 Introduction 251
10.2 State of the Art on Face Biometrics 253
10.3 Recent Advances to Machine Learning 255
10.4 Applications: Learning Face Features 262
10.5 Discussion 271
References 272
Chapter 11 Multibiometric Systems: Overview, Case Studies, and Open Issues 276
11.1 Introduction 276
11.2 Advantages of Multibiometric Systems 279
11.3 Taxonomy of Multibiometric Systems 280
11.4 Levels of Fusion 282
11.5 Incorporating Ancillary Information 284
11.6 Benefits of Combining Multiple Biometric Experts: Three Case Studies 285
11.7 Open Issues and Challenges 290
11.8 Summary 291
References 292
Chapter 12 Ethics and Policy of Biometrics 296
12.1 Introduction 296
12.2 Function Creep 297
12.3 Biometrics, Body and Identity 299
12.4 Could Biometrics Become a “Liberating” Technology? 305
12.5 Final Considerations 309
References 311
Part II Selected Contributions from Students of the International Summer School on Biometrics 313
Chapter 13 Assessment of a Footstep Biometric Verification System 314
13.1 Introduction 314
13.2 Review of Footsteps as a Biometric 315
13.3 Data Capture System and Database 317
13.4 ExperimentalWork 319
13.5 CurrentWork 324
13.6 Conclusions 327
References 327
Chapter 14 Keystroke Dynamics-Based Credential Hardening Systems 329
14.1 Introduction 329
14.2 Related Work 330
14.3 Approach 332
14.4 Experimental Method 333
14.5 Authentication Algorithm and Features 337
14.6 Experimental Analysis and Results 338
14.7 Discussion 344
14.8 Conclusion 345
References 346
Chapter 15 Detection of Singularities in Fingerprint Images Using Linear Phase Portraits 348
15.1 Introduction 348
15.2 Two-Dimensional Linear Phase Portraits 350
15.3 Application to Fingerprint Singularities 354
15.4 Experimental Results 356
15.5 Conclusion 360
References 360
Chapter 16 Frequency-Based Fingerprint Recognition 362
16.1 Introduction 362
16.2 Proposed System 363
16.3 Experimental Results 370
References 373
Index 374