Handbook of Fingerprint Recognition (eBook)

Contents 5
Preface 11
Introduction 17
1.1 Introduction 17
1.2 Biometric Recognition 18
1.3 Biometric Systems 19
1.4 Comparison of Traits 24
1.5 System Errors 27
1.6 System Evaluation 38
1.7 Applications of Fingerprint Systems 41
1.8 History of Fingerprints 47
1.9 Formation of Fingerprints 50
1.10 Individuality of Fingerprints 51
1.11 Fingerprint Sensing and Storage 52
1.12 Fingerprint Representation and Feature Extraction 54
1.13 Fingerprint Matching 57
1.14 Fingerprint Classification and Indexing 59
1.15 Synthetic Fingerprints 61
1.16 Biometric Fusion 61
1.17 System Integration and Administration Issues 63
1.18 Securing Fingerprint Systems 66
1.19 Privacy Issues 67
1.20 Summary and Future Prospects 69
1.21 Image Processing and Pattern Recognition Background 71
Fingerprint Sensing 73
2.1 Introduction 73
2.2 Off-Line Fingerprint Acquisition 77
2.3 Live-Scan Fingerprint Sensing 79
2.4 Touch Versus Sweep 86
2.5 Fingerprint Images and Their Parameters 88
2.6 Image Quality Specifications for Fingerprint Scanners 93
2.7 Operational Quality of Fingerprint Scanners 94
2.8 Examples of Fingerprint Scanners 99
2.9 Dealing with Small Area Sensors 105
2.10 Storing and Compressing Fingerprint Images 108
2.11 Summary 111
Fingerprint Analysis and Representation 112
3.1 Introduction 112
3.2 Local Ridge Orientation 117
3.3 Local Ridge Frequency 127
3.4 Segmentation 131
3.5 Singularity and Core Detection 135
3.6 Enhancement 146
3.7 Minutiae Detection 158
3.8 Minutiae Filtering 172
3.9 Estimation of Ridge Count 176
3.10 Estimation of Fingerprint Quality 178
3.11 Summary 180
Fingerprint Matching 182
4.1 Introduction 182
4.2 Correlation-Based Techniques 187
4.3 Minutiae-Based Methods 192
4.4 Global Versus Local Minutiae Matching 210
4.5 Dealing with Distortion 221
4.6 Non-minutiae Feature-Based Matching Techniques 231
4.7 Comparing the Performance of Matching Algorithms 239
4.8 Summary 247
Fingerprint Classification and Indexing 249
5.1 Introduction 249
5.2 Classification Techniques 252
5.3 Performance of Fingerprint Classification Techniques 267
5.4 Fingerprint Indexing and Retrieval 272
5.5 Summary 282
Synthetic Fingerprint Generation 284
6.1 Introduction 284
6.2 Background 285
6.3 The SFinGe Method 287
6.4 Generation of a Master Fingerprint 290
6.5 Generation of Synthetic Fingerprint Impressions 298
6.6 Validation of the Synthetic Generator 306
6.7 Automatic Generation of Ground Truth Features 310
6.8 SFinGe Software Tool 310
6.9 Summary 314
Biometric Fusion 316
7.1 Introduction 316
7.2 Performance Improvement from Fusion 319
7.3 Application-specific Considerations 321
7.4 Sources of Information 323
7.5 Level of Detail of Information in Fusion 331
7.6 Image-Level Fusion 333
7.7 Feature-Level Fusion 335
7.8 Rank-Level Fusion 337
7.9 Score-Level Fusion 338
7.10 Decision-Level Fusion 350
7.11 Summary 351
Fingerprint Individuality 353
8.1 Introduction 353
8.2 Background 356
8.3 Uniform Minutiae Placement Model 364
8.4 Finite Mixture Minutiae Placement Model 376
8.5 Other Recent Approaches 381
8.6 Summary 381
Securing Fingerprint Systems 383
9.1 Introduction 383
9.2 Types of Failures in Fingerprint Systems 386
9.3 Methods of Obtaining Fingerprint Data and Countermeasures 388
9.4 Methods of Injecting Fingerprint Data and Countermeasures 392
9.5 Liveness Detection Techniques 398
9.6 Building a Closed Fingerprint System 403
9.7 Template Protection Techniques 410
9.8 Summary 428
Bibliography 429
Index 495