Fluid Flow, Heat Transfer and Boiling in Micro-Channels (eBook)

Dr. Yarin is Visiting Professor of Faculty of Mechanical Engineering at the Technion -Israel Institute of Technology. He received his MS degree from Polytechnic Institute of Kharkov in 1952, his Candidate of Technical Sciences (Ph.D)degree from Institute of Energetics Acad. Of Kazakhstan in 1962 and his Doctor of Technical Sciences degree from the Institute of High Temperatures Acad. Sci. USSR in 1970. He is the author of about . 200 research works (including 5 monographs) in the fields of the Combustion Theory, Heat and Mass Transfer, Two-Phase Flows, Turbulent Flows, Energetics, Aircraft and Rocket Engines, Experimental Method in Gas Dynamics and Heat Transfer, Thermoanemometry, High Temperature Combustion Reactors and Microfluid Mechanics. The research activities of Professor Yarin have focused on detailed analysis of aerodynamics and thermal regimes of combustion in gas torches, gas, liquid fuels and coal combustion, combustion waves propagations in porous and bubbly media aerodynamics of furnaces and combustion chambers of jet and rocket engines, gasodynamics of jet flows, hydrodynamics of stratified flows, magnetohydrodynamics, turbulent two-phase flows, as well as the theory of chemical reactors, microfluid mechanics, in particular heat and mass transfer in micro-channels. He was Professor, Heat and Chair of Engineering Thermal Physics in Ukta Industrial Institute, where teaching undergraduate and graduate courses in Hydrodynamics, Heat and Mass Transfer, Thermodynamics. He is also teaching in Technion - Israel Institute of Technology undergraduate, graduate and Ph.D course "Principles of Combustion of Two-Phase Media." Dr Mosyak is Research Fellow, Senior A of Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technion, Haifa, Israel. He received his MS degree from Polytechnic Institute of Odessa in 1960, his Candidate of Technical Sciences (Ph.D) degree from Polytechnic Institute of Odessa in 1972. He is the author of about 100 research works in the field turbulent flows, two-phase flows, heat and mass transfer, microfluid mechanics and thermodynamics. He was Associate Professor of Energy Engineering, Kishinev Polytechnic Institute, USSR where teaching undergraduate and graduate courses in Hydrodynamics, Heat and Mass Transfer, Thermodynamics. Dr. Hetsroni is Danciger Professor of Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering at Technion - Israel Institute of Technology. He received his B.Sc. Cum Laude, Technion, I.I.T. in 1957, and got Ph.D from Michigan State University in 1963. He was with the Atomic Power Division of Westinghouse for a couple of years before joining the Faculty at the Technion in 1965; since 1974 he is Danciger Professor of Engineering. In the U.S.A. he held positions also with the Electric Power Research Institute. At the Technion he has served as Dean of Mechanical Engineering, and as Head of the Neaman Institute for Advanced Studies. He was also Head of the National Council for Research and Development of Israel. He was Visiting Professor at Carnegie Mellon University, Stanford University, the University of California-Santa Barbara, the University of Minnesota and the University of New South Wales. He was the Vice President for Region XIII of the ASME International and was a Governor of the ASME. He is a Chief Editor of the International Journal of Multiphase Flow. He is the author of about 250 research works (including 5 monographs) in the fields of Multiphase flow and heat transfer, Experimental and computational fluid mechanics and heat transfer, Turbulent Flows, Thermal-hydraulic design of nuclear reactors, Turbulent Boundary layers, Boiling and Steam Generators. The research activities of Professor Hetsroni have focused on detailed analysis Aerodynamics Two-Phase Turbulent Jets, Particle Turbulent Interactions, Heat Transfer in Two-Phase Turbulent Boundary Layer, Coherent Structure of turbulent Flows, Direct Numerical Simulations of Turbulent Flows, Boiling of Surfactant Solution, Heat and Mass Transfer in Microchannels, as well as PIV (Particle Image Velocimetry) and Hot-Foil InfraRed Imaging (HFIRI) measurements in a flume. At present he is the Chief of the Multiphase Flow Laboratory of Technion. (http://techunix.technion.ac.il/multiphaselab)

Preface 5
Acknowledgements 7
Contents 9
Introduction 15
1.1 General Overview 15
1.2 Scope and Contents of Part I 16
1.3 Scope and Contents of Part II 16
Authors 17
Part I 19
Cooling Systems of Electronic Devices 21
2.1 High-Heat Flux Management Schemes 21
2.2 Pressure and Temperature Measurements 39
2.3 Pressure Drop and Heat Transfer in a Single-Phase Flow 47
2.4 Steam–Fluid Flow 57
2.5 Surfactant Solutions 79
2.6 Design and Fabrication of Micro-Channel Heat Sinks 87
Summary 102
References 106
Nomenclature 112
Velocity Field and Pressure Drop in Single- Phase Flows 117
3.1 Introduction 117
3.2 Characteristics of Experiments 118
3.3 Comparison Between Experimental and Theoretical Results 120
3.4 Flow of Incompressible Fluid 121
3.5 Gas Flows 134
3.6 Transition from Laminar to Turbulent Flow 135
3.7 Effect of Measurement Accuracy 141
3.8 Specific Features of Flow in Micro-Channels 141
Summary 152
References 153
Nomenclature 157
Heat Transfer in Single-Phase Flows 159
4.1 Introduction 159
4.2 Experimental Investigations 162
4.3 Effect of Viscous Energy Dissipation 175
4.4 Axial Conduction 182
4.5 Micro-Channel Heat Sinks 187
4.6 Compressibility Effects 194
4.7 Electro-Osmotic Heat Transfer in a Micro-Channel 196
4.8 Closing Remarks 199
Summary 201
References 202
Nomenclature 206
Gas–Liquid Flow 209
5.1 Two-Phase Flow Characteristics 209
5.2 Flow Patterns in a Single Conventional Size Channel 212
5.3 Flow Patterns in a Single Micro-Channel 219
5.4 Flow Patterns in Parallel Channels 225
5.5 Flow Regime Maps 228
5.6 Flow Regime Maps in Micro-Channels 233
5.7 Void Fraction 236
5.8 Pressure Drop 241
5.9 Heat Transfer 248
5.10 Comparison of Gas–Liquid Two-Phase Flow Characteristics Between Conventional Size Channels and Micro- Channels 264
Summary 265
References 266
Nomenclature 269
Boiling in Micro-Channels 273
6.1 Onset of Nucleate Boiling in Conventional Size Channels 273
6.2 Onset of Nucleate Boiling in Parallel Micro-Channels 295
6.3 Dynamics of Vapor Bubble 300
6.4 Pressure Drop and Heat Transfer 308
6.5 Explosive Boiling ofWater in Parallel Micro-Channels 323
Summary 331
References 333
Nomenclature 339
Design Considerations 343
7.1 Single-Phase Flow 343
7.2 Gas–Liquid Flow 346
7.3 Boiling in Micro-Channels 347
7.4 Selected Properties of Liquids Used for Cooling Micro- Devices 354
References 357
Nomenclature 358
Part II 361
Capillary Flow with a Distinct Interface 363
8.1 Preliminary Remarks 363
8.2 The Physical Model 365
8.3 Governing Equations 366
8.4 Conditions at the Interface Surface 367
8.5 Equation Transformation 368
8.6 Equations for the Average Parameters 372
8.7 Quasi-One-Dimensional Approach 373
8.8 Parameters Distribution in Characteristic Zones 374
8.9 Parametrical Study 378
Summary 388
References 390
Nomenclature 391
Steady and Unsteady Flow in a Heated Capillary 393
9.1 Introduction 393
9.2 The Physical Model 395
9.3 Parameters Distribution Along the Micro-Channel 399
9.4 Stationary Flow Regimes 402
9.5 Experimental Facility and Experimental Results 407
Summary 412
References 412
Nomenclature 413
Laminar Flow in a Heated Capillary with a Distinct Interface 415
10.1 Introduction 415
10.2 Model of the Cooling System 417
10.3 Formulation of the Problem 418
10.4 Non-Dimensional Variables 422
10.5 Parametrical Equation 424
10.6 Parametrical Analysis 427
10.7 Results and Discussion 432
10.8 Efficiency of the Cooling System 435
10.9 Equation Transformation 438
10.10 Two-Dimensional Approach 442
Summary 444
References 447
Nomenclature 448
Onset of Flow Instability in a Heated Capillary 451
11.1 Introduction 451
11.2 Capillary Flow Pattern 453
11.3 Equation Transformation 454
11.4 Flow with Small Peclet Numbers 459
11.5 Effect of Capillary Pressure and Heat Flux Oscillations 468
11.6 Moderate Peclet Number 473
Summary 476
References 476
Nomenclature 478
Author Index 481
Subject Index 491