Digital Video and Audio Broadcasting Technology (eBook)

Foreword 6
Preface to the Second English Edition 7
Preface 8
Table of Contents 11
1 Introduction 18
2 Analog Television 24
2.1 Scanning an Original Black/White Picture 27
2.2 Horizontal and Vertical Synchronization Pulses 29
2.3 Adding the Color Information 31
2.4 Transmission Methods 34
2.5 Distortion and Interference 35
2.6 Signals in the Vertical Blanking Interval 37
2.7 Measurements on Analog Video Signals 41
3 The MPEG Data Stream 47
3.1 The Packetized Elementary Stream (PES) 51
3.2 The MPEG-2 Transport Stream Packet 54
3.3 Information for the Receiver 58
3.4 The PSIP according to the ATSC 89
3.5 ARIB Tables according to ISDB-T 92
3.6 DMB-T (China) Tables 94
3.7 Other Important Details of the MPEG-2 Transport Stream 94
4 Digital Video Signal According to ITU-BT.R.601 (CCIR 601) 97
5 High Definition Television – HDTV 102
6 Transforms to and from the Frequency Domain 106
6.1 The Fourier Transform 108
6.2 The Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) 110
6.3 The Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) 112
6.4 Implementation and Practical Applications of DFT and FFT 114
6.5 The Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) 114
6.6 Time Domain Signals and their Transforms in the Frequency Domain 118
6.7 Systematic Errors in DFT or FFT, and How to Prevent them 120
6.8 Window Functions 123
7 MPEG-2 Video Coding 124
7.1 Video Compression 124
7.2 Summary 143
7.3 Structure of the Video Elementary Stream 147
7.4 More Recent Video Compression Methods 148
7.5 MPEG-4 Advanced Video Coding 149
8 Compression of Audio Signals to MPEG and Dolby Digital 158
8.1 Digital Audio Source Signal 158
8.2 History of Audio Coding 159
8.3 Psychoacoustic Model of the Human Ear 162
8.4 Basic Principles of Audio Coding 166
8.5 Subband Coding in Accordance with MPEG Layer I, II 168
8.6 Transform Coding for MPEG Layer III and Dolby Digital 170
8.7 Multichannel Sound 172
9 Teletext, Subtitles and VPS for DVB 174
9.1 Teletext and Subtitles 174
9.2 Video Program System 178
10 A Comparison of Digital Video Standards 181
10.1 MPEG-1 and MPEG-2, VCD and DVD, M-JPEG and MiniDV/DV 181
10.2 MPEG-3, MPEG-4, MPEG-7 and MPEG-21 184
10.3 Physical Interfaces for Digital Video Signals 188
11 Measurements on the MPEG-2 Transport Stream 193
11.1 Loss of Synchronisation (TS_sync_loss) 195
11.2 Errored Sync Bytes (sync_byte_error) 196
11.3 Missing or Errored Program Association Table (PAT) (PAT_error) 196
11.4 Missing or Errored Program Map Table (PMT) (PMT_error) 197
11.5 The PID_Error 198
11.6 The Continuity_Count_Error 199
11.7 The Transport_Error (Priority 2) 200
11.8 The Cyclic Redundancy Check Error 201
11.9 The Program Clock Reference Error (PCR_Error, PCR_Accuracy) 201
11.10 The Presentation Time Stamp Error (PTS_Error) 203
11.11 The Conditional Access Table Error (CAT_Error) 204
11.12 Service Information Repetition Rate Error (SI_Repetition_Error) 205
11.13 Monitoring the NIT, SDT, EIT, RST and TDT/TOT Tables 206
11.14 Undefined PIDs (Unreferenced_PID) 206
11.15 Errors in the Transmission of Additional Service Information 207
11.16 Faulty tables NIT_other_error, SDT_other_error, EIT_other_error 208
11.17 Monitoring an ATSC-Compliant MPEG-2 Transport Stream 208
12 Picture Quality Analysis of Digital TV Signals 210
12.1 Methods for Measuring Video Quality 212
12.2 Objective Picture Quality Analysis 214
13 Basic Principles of Digital Modulation 221
13.1 Introduction 221
13.2 Mixer 223
13.3 Amplitude Modulator 225
13.4 IQ Modulator 227
13.5 The IQ Demodulator 235
13.6 Use of the Hilbert transform in IQ modulation 240
13.7 Practical Applications of the Hilbert Transform 242
13.8 Channel Coding/Forward Error Correction 244
14 Transmitting Digital Television Signals by Satellite - DVB-S/S2 249
14.1 The DVB-S System Parameters 252
14.2 The DVB-S Modulator 254
14.3 Convolutional Coding 260
14.4 Signal Processing in the Satellite 265
14.5 The DVB-S Receiver 266
14.6 Influences Affecting the Satellite Transmission Link 269
14.7 DVB-S2 273
15 DVB-S Measuring Technology 280
15.1 Introduction 280
15.2 Measuring Bit Error Ratios 280
15.3 Measurements on DVB-S Signals using a Spectrum Analyzer 283
15.4 Measuring the Shoulder Attenuation 287
15.5 DVB-S Receiver Test 287
16 Broadband Cable Transmission According to DVB-C 289
16.1 The DVB-C Standard 290
16.2 The DVB-C Modulator 292
16.3 The DVB-C Receiver 293
16.4 Interference Effects on the DVB-C Transmission Link 294
17 Broadband Cable Transmission According to ITU-T J83B 298
18 Measuring Digital TV Signals in the Broadband Cable 300
18.1 DVB-C/J83A, B, C Test Receivers with Constellation Analysis 301
18.2 Detecting Interference Effects Using Constellation Analysis 305
18.3 Measuring the Bit Error Ratio (BER) 314
18.4 Using a Spectrum Analyzer for Measuring DVB-C Signals 315
18.5 Measuring the Shoulder Attenuation 317
18.6 Measuring the Ripple or Tilt in the Channel 318
18.7 DVB-C/J83A,B,C Receiver Test 318
19 Coded Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex (COFDM) 320
19.1 Why Multi-Carrier? 322
19.2 What is COFDM? 325
19.3 Generating the COFDM Symbols 329
19.4 Supplementary Signals in the COFDM Spectrum 338
19.5 Hierarchical Modulation 341
19.6 Summary 341
20 Terrestrial Transmission of Digital Television Signals (DVB-T) 342
20.1 The DVB-T Standard 344
20.2 The DVB-T Carriers 346
20.3 Hierarchical Modulation 352
20.4 DVB-T System Parameters of the 8/7/6 MHz Channel 354
20.5 The DVB-T Modulator and Transmitter 363
20.6 The DVB-T Receiver 366
20.7 Interference on the DVB-T Transmission Link and its Effects 371
20.8 DVB-T Single-Frequency Networks (SFN) 379
20.9 Minimum Receiver Input Level Required with DVB-T 387
21 Measuring DVB-T Signals 393
21.1 Measuring the Bit Error Ratio 395
21.2 Measuring DVB-T Signals Using a Spectrum Analyzer 397
21.3 Constellation Analysis of DVB-T Signals 401
21.4 Measuring the Crest Factor 416
21.5 Measuring the Amplitude, Phase and Group Delay Response 416
21.6 Measuring the Impulse Response 417
21.7 Measuring the Shoulder Attenuation 418
22 DVB-H - Digital Video Broadcasting for Handhelds 422
22.1 Introduction 422
22.2 Convergence between Mobile Radio and Broadcasting 424
22.3 Essential Parameters of DVB-H 425
22.4 DSM-CC Sections 426
22.5 Multiprotocol Encapsulation 428
22.6 DVB-H Standard 429
22.7 Summary 433
23 Digital Terrestrial TV to North American ATSC Standard 436
23.1 The 8VSB Modulator 441
23.2 8VSB Gross Data Rate and Net Data Rate 449
23.3 The ATSC Receiver 451
23.4 Causes of Interference on the ATSC Transmission Path 451
24 ATSC/8VSB Measurements 453
24.1 Bit Error Ratio (BER) Measurement 453
24.2 8VSB Measurements Using a Spectrum Analyzer 454
24.3 Constellation Analysis on 8VSB Signals 455
24.4 Measuring Amplitude Response and Group Delay Response 458
25 Digital Terrestrial Television according to ISDB-T 460
25.1 Introduction 460
25.2 ISDB-T Concept 461
26 Digital Audio Broadcasting - DAB 464
26.1 Comparing DAB and DVB 466
26.2 An Overview of DAB 469
26.3 The Physical Layer of DAB 474
26.4 DAB – Forward Error Correction 483
26.5 DAB Modulator and Transmitter 488
26.6 DAB Data Structure 492
26.7 DAB Single-Frequency Networks 497
26.8 DAB Data Broadcasting 499
27 DVB Data Services: MHP and SSU 502
27.1 Data Broadcasting in DVB 503
27.2 Object Carousels 504
27.3 The Multimedia Home Platform MHP 506
27.4 System Software Update SSU 508
28 DMB-T and T-DMB 510
28.1 DMB-T 510
28.2 T-DMB 513
29 IPTV – Television over the Internet 515
30 DRM – Digital Radio Mondiale 517
30.1 Audio source encoding 521
30.2 Forward Error Correction 521
30.3 Modulation Method 522
30.4 Frame structure 523
30.5 Interference on the transmission link 524
30.6 DRM data rates 525
30.7 DRM transmitting stations and DRM receivers 526
31 Structure of DTV Networks and Transmitting Stations 527
31.1 The DVB-T SFNs Southern and Eastern Bavaria 527
31.2 Playout Center and Feed Networks 531
31.3 Technical Configuration of the Transmitter Sites 531
32 Digital Television throughout the World - an Overview 547
Bibliography 550
Definition of Terms 556
TV Channel Tables 570
Index 575