Information Technologies in Biomedicine (eBook)

Preface 6
Contents 7
Part I Invited Papers 14
Exploring the Knowledge of Human Expert beyond His Willing Expression 15
Introduction 15
Rising a Need for New Knowledge 15
Current Validation Rules and Their Limitations 16
Objective Measurement of Behavior 16
Methodology 16
Human Expert as Experiment Subject 16
Knowledge Exploration Techniques 17
Pursuit of the Human Eye in Course of the Visual ECG Interpretation 18
Perceptual Model Concept 18
Eye Tracking Method 18
Experiment Setup and Participants 19
Scanpath Signal Processing 20
Results of the Human Eye Pursuit 21
Pursuit of the Human Choice in Course of Diagnostic Result Selection 22
Expert’s Choice as Indicator of Medical Data Relevance 22
Usual Interface with Hidden Poll Functionality 23
Statistical Processing 24
Results of the Pursuit of Human-Made Relevance Indication 24
Conclusions 25
References 25
Application Problems of Implants Used in Interventional Cardiology 27
Introduction 27
Biophysical Conditions of the Heart-Coronary Vessels System 28
Conditions of Using Metal Biomaterials for Coronary Stents 30
Forming the Physical and Chemical Properties of the Coronary Stents Surface Layer 33
Summary 37
References 38
Computer Enhanced Orthopedics 40
Introduction 40
Computer Enhanced Orthopaedic Education 41
Orthopedic PACS 43
Computer Assisted Preoperative Planning 45
Computer Assisted Surgical Navigation in Orthopedic Surgery 46
Robotics in Orthopedic Surgery 47
Virtual Reality Orthopedic Surgery 48
Computerized Design of Orthopedic Implants 48
Telemedicine in Orthopedics 49
Conclusions and Final Remarks 50
References 50
Computer-Aided Diagnosis: From Image Understanding to Integrated Assistance 56
Introduction 56
Rationales 57
Human Limitations 57
Computer-Aided Diagnosis 58
CAD Statement and Development 59
Computational Image Descriptors 59
Semantic Visualization 59
Medical Knowledge Platform 60
Cognitive Resonance for Image Understanding 61
Content-Based Indexing of Medical Images 62
Integrated Interpretation Assistance 64
Conclusions 64
References 65
Part II Image Processing and CAD 67
Biomedical Structures Representation by Morphological Spectra 68
Introduction 68
Morphological Spectra 69
Spectral Representation of Single Irregular Objects 71
Spectral Representation of Classes of Objects 72
Conclusions 76
References 76
Medical Image Analysis Using Potential Active Contours 77
Introduction 77
Preprocessing 78
Detection of an Eyeball 80
Summary 83
References 83
Potential Active Contours – Basic Concepts, Mechanisms and Features 85
Introduction – Physical Background 85
Energy Function 87
Simulated Annealing 89
Move Generator 91
Gaussian Move Generator 91
Equalization of Chances 92
Modification of the Number of Sources 93
Move Generator – Suggestions for Further Research 94
Summary 94
References 95
Fractal Magnification of Medical Images 96
Introduction 96
Fundamentals of Fractal Magnification 97
Proposed Magnification Method 97
Image Fidelity 97
Time Cost Reduction 99
Experimental Results 101
Conclusions and Future Work 103
References 103
Fuzzy Clustering in Segmentation of Abdominal Structures Based on CT Studies 104
Introduction 104
Traditional Live-Wire Algorithm 104
Local Cost Map Definition 105
Graph Searching 105
Live-Wire-on-the-Fly 107
Modified Live-Wire Algorithm 108
Wavelet Cost Map Definition 109
Fuzzy c-Means Clustering 109
Live-Wire Modification 110
Results 112
Conclusions 114
References 115
The Clusterization Process in an Adaptative Method of Image Segmentation 116
Introduction 116
The Idea of Homogeneous Areas 116
The Algorithm 117
Generating the Initial Set of Areas 117
Merging the Areas 118
The Adaptation of the Threshold Variance 119
The Edge Strength Factor 121
Conclusions 122
References 122
Content-Based Indexing of Medical Images for Digital Radiology Applications 124
Introduction 124
Materials and Methods 125
IShark System 125
Features for Retrieval of Various Modalities Images 126
Features for Retrieval of Mammographic Image 127
Testing Scenarios and Results 129
Various Modalities Images Indexing 129
Mammographic Images Indexing 129
Conclusions 130
References 131
Shape and Texture Feature Extraction for Retrieval Mammogram in Databases 132
Introduction 132
Mammograms Feature Extraction 134
Results and Conclusion 137
References 138
Mathematical Morphology (MM) Features for Classification of Cancerous Masses in Mammograms 140
Introduction 140
Proposed MM Features for Mass Malignancy and Spicularity 141
Existing Features for Mass Malignancy and Spicularity 144
Experiments 146
Conclusions 148
References 148
Stroke Display Extensions: Three Forms of Visualization 150
Ischemic Stroke Conditioning 150
Pathophysiology 151
CT Findings in Acute Stroke 152
Hypodensity Models 153
Materials and Methods 154
Algorithm of Stroke Display 155
Experimental Study 156
Conclusions 158
References 158
Automated Fuzzy-Connectedness-Based Segmentation in Extraction of Multiple Sclerosis Lesions 160
Introduction 160
Fuzzy Connectedness 160
Object Segmentation 161
Initial Conditions - Fast Segmentation Overview 162
Automated Fuzzy Connectedness Segmentation 163
Fuzzy Affinity Parameters Estimation 163
Selecting Regions of Analysis and Segmentation Seed Points 164
Segmentation 165
Results and Conclusions 165
References 166
Computer-Interactive Methods of Brain Cortical Evaluation 168
Introduction 168
Methods of Cortical and Subcortical Atrophy Evaluation 169
The Volumetric Method 169
The Fractal Method 170
Research Description 171
Research Results 172
Concluding Remarks 174
References 175
Automatic Registration of MRI Brain 176
Introduction 176
A Fuzzy Image Idea 176
Similarity Measures 179
A- and B-Group Images Registration 181
Results 182
References 183
Magnetic Resonance Image Classification Using Fractal Analysis 184
Introduction 184
Materials and Methods 185
Results 186
Discussion 188
References 189
Application of MLBP Neural Network for Exercise ECG Test Records Analysis in Coronary Artery Diagnosis 190
Introduction 190
Materials and Method 191
Neural Network 191
Medical Database 192
Results and Discussion 193
Conclusion 194
References 194
Volumetric Analysis of Tumours and Their Blood Vessels 195
Introduction 195
Methodology 196
Tumour Segmentation 196
Tumour Volume Estimation 198
Capillary Veins Segmentation 198
Capillary Veins Counting 199
The Quotient of the Tumour Volume to the Number of Its Capillary Veins 200
Results of Pilot Investigation 200
Conclusions and Future Work 201
References 201
Pre- and Postprocessing Stages in Fuzzy Connectedness-Based Lung Nodule CAD 203
Introduction 203
Lung Nodule Segmentation Scheme 204
Preprocessing Stage 204
Thresholding and Labeling of Connected Objects 204
Nodule Detection 206
Postprocessing Stage 208
Results and Conclusions 209
References 210
Modeling and Simulation of Airway Tissues Stresses during Pulmonary Recruitment 211
Introduction 211
ModelDescription 212
Method of Solution 213
Results 214
Conclusions 217
References 217
Compression of Bronchoscopy Video: Coding Usefulness and Efficiency Assessment 219
Introduction 219
Methods 221
Video Compression 221
Numerical Video Quality Assessment 222
Experiments 224
Conclusions 226
References 227
Fuzzy Rule-Based System for the Diagnosis of Laryngeal Pathology Based on Contact Endoscopy Images 228
Introduction 228
Feature Selection 229
Feature Space Clustering 231
Generating Fuzzy Rules by Learning from Examples 231
Mapping between Input and the Output by Using a Defuzzification Method 233
Experimental Results and Future Work 233
References 234
Synthesis of Medical Images in the Domain of Melanocytic Skin Lesions 236
Introduction 236
Structure of the Source Dataset 237
Methodology of the Research 238
Synthesis of Lesion’s Asymmetry 238
Synthesis of Lesion’s Border 240
Synthesis Colors and Structures of the Lesion’s 240
Program Implementation 241
Summary and Conclusion 241
References 242
Identification of Layers in a Tomographic Image of an Eye Based on the Canny Edge Detection 243
Introduction 243
Canny Filtering 243
Edge Line Properties 245
ModifiedActiveContour 245
The Final Analysis of the Contour Line 249
Summary 249
References 250
Part III Signal Processing 251
Diagnostic Quality-Derived Patient-Oriented Optimization of ECG Interpretation 252
Introduction 252
Materials and Methods 253
Adaptive ECG Interpretation System Overview 253
Concept of Multidimensional Quality Estimate 255
Concept of Weighted Accuracy Estimate 255
Providing the Uniform Data 256
Results 257
Conclusions 258
References 259
Projective Versus Linear Filtering for Repolarization Duration Measurement 260
Introduction 260
Methods 261
Projective Filtering of Time-Aligned ECG Beats 261
Resampling the ECG Signal 261
Low Pass Differentiator for Repolarization Duration Measurement 261
Numerical Experiments and Discussion 263
Conclusions 266
References 266
An Application of Robust Kernel-Based Filtering of Biomedical Signals 268
Introduction 268
Kernel Methods 269
Kernel-Robust Filter 269
NumericalExperiments 271
A Width of the GK Filter and a Width $/sigma$^{2} of RBF Function 271
Signals with Gaussian and Real Muscle Noise 273
Conclusions 274
References 275
Weighted Averaging of ECG Signal Using Criterion Function Minimization 276
Introduction 276
Signal Averaging Methods 277
Traditional Arithmetic Averaging 278
Weighted Averaging Method WACFM 278
Proposed Weighted Averaging Method 279
NumericalExperiments 279
Conclusion 283
References 283
Empirical Bayesian Approach to Weighted Averaging of ECG Signal Using Cauchy Distribution 284
Introduction 284
Signal Averaging Methods 285
Traditional Arithmetic Averaging 286
Weighted Averaging Method EBWA 286
Proposed Extension of EBWA Method 287
NumericalExperiments 288
Conclusion 291
References 291
An Approach to Estimation of the Angular Eye-Ball Speed Based on the EOG Signal 292
Introduction 292
Estimation of the Eye-Ball Angular Speed 293
NumericalExperiment 296
Conclusions 298
References 299
Ensuring the Real Time Signal Transmission Using GSM/Internet Technology for Remote Fetal Monitoring 300
Introduction 300
Methodology 301
Instrumentation 301
Communication between MI and SC 303
Buffer Control 304
Conclusion 306
References 307
Prediction of Newborn Sex with Neural Networks Approach to Fetal Cardiotocograms Classification 308
Introduction 308
Research Material and Methodology 309
Results 311
Conclusions 314
References 314
Coping with Limitation of Bedside Measurement Instrumentation for Reliable Assessment of Fetal Heart Rate Variability 316
Introduction 316
Methodology 317
Results 319
Conclusions 322
References 322
Relationships between Isopotential Areas in EEG Maps before, during and after the Seizure Activity 324
Introduction 324
Material andMethod 324
Relationship between the Areas $A_{-20}$ and $A_{20}$ before and after the Seizure Activity Episode 327
Relationship between the Areas $A_{-20}$ and $A_{20}$ during the Seizure Activity 327
Results 328
Relationship between the Areas $A_{-20}$ and $A_{20}$ before and after the Seizure Activity Episode 328
Relationship between the Areas $A_{-20}$ and $A_{20}$ during the Seizure Activity 329
Discussion 330
References 333
Assessment of Uterine Contractile Activity during a Pregnancy Based on a Nonlinear Analysis of the Uterine Electromyographic Signal 334
Introduction 334
Biological Basis for Pregnant Uterine Activity 335
Measurements and a Nonlinear Signal Analysis 336
Measurement of EHG 336
Estimation of the Sample Entropy Statistic 337
Results 339
Conclusion 339
References 340
Part IV Biotechnology 341
Use of Computer System for Cell Hybridisation in Biotechnology and Medicine 342
Introduction 342
Characteristics of the System 344
Control Software 345
References 349
Clustering as a Method of Image Simplification 352
Introduction 352
Related Research Review 352
Microscopic Image Characterization 354
Methods 355
Clustering Method 355
Details of the Proposed Method 357
Material 358
Results 358
How Initialization Influences the Results 358
Evaluation of Influence of Selected Weighting Coefficients 358
How Cardinal Coefficients Influences the Results 361
Discussion and Conclusion 361
References 362
Application to Estimate Haplotypes for Multiallelic Present-Absent Loci 364
Introduction 364
Algorithm 365
Maximum Likelihood Approach to Estimate Haplotypes 365
Extended EM Algorithm 366
NullHap: Validation and Comparison with Other Applications to Haplotype Estimation 367
Conclusion 371
References 371
Detection of Mitotic Cell Fraction in Neural Stem Cells in Cultures 372
Introduction 372
Related Works 373
Microscopic Investigation of the Cell Growth 374
Cell Growing Process 374
Characteristics of the Images Sequence and Cells in the Images 374
ProposedMethod 376
Mathematical Morphology Methods in Image Processing 376
Proposed Method Workflow 378
Experiments 380
Experimental Material 380
Parameters Choice 380
Conclusions 381
References 382
Protein Molecular Viewer for Visualizing Structures Stored in the PDBML Format 384
Introduction 384
Related Works 385
The Protein Molecular Viewer 386
PMV Work Architecture 387
Display Modes 387
Marking Selected Structural Regions 388
Additional Features of the PMV 390
Software and Hardware Requirements 391
The PMV Software Availability 391
Concluding Remarks 392
References 392
Fuzzy Support Vector Machine for Genes Expression Data Analysis 394
Introduction 394
Support Vector Machine 394
Fuzzy Support Vector Machine for Two Classes 395
FSVM for Multi-class Problem 397
One-against-One 397
One-against-All 398
Experimental Results 398
Two-Classes 398
Multi-classes 400
Conclusions 400
References 401
Predictive Performance of Top Differentially Expressed Genes in Microarray Gene Expression Studies 402
Introduction 402
Performance of Class Prediction Using Gene Ranking Feature Selection 403
Empirical Study 405
Conclusions 408
References 408
A Study on Diagnostic Potential of a Computer-Assisted System for Identification of Neoplastic Urothelial Nuclei from the Bladder 410
Introduction 410
Materials and Methods 412
Image Analysis 414
Features Selection 418
Results 420
Conclusions 423
References 423
Part V Data Analysis 425
Control of Hand Bioprosthesis Via Sequential Recognition of Patient’s Intent Using Combination of Fuzzy Sets and Dempster-Shafer Theory 426
Introduction 426
Control System of Bio-prosthesis 427
Algorithm of Sequential Recognition 429
Experimental Investigations 430
FinalRemarks 432
References 432
Matching Knowledge and Evidence in a Model of Medical Diagnosis 434
Introduction 434
The Dempster-Shafer theory 434
Matching Symptoms and Observations 435
Example 436
Choice of Inference Threshold 438
Tests 438
Conclusions 440
References 441
Nonparametric Regression for Analyzing Correlation between Medical Parameters 442
Introduction 442
Materials and Methods 443
Nonparametric Regression 444
Kernel Regression 444
Results 446
Summary 448
References 449
Experiments on Linear Combiners 450
Introduction 450
Problem Statement 451
Analytical Estimation of Upper Errors 452
Experimental Investigation 454
Conditions of Experiment 454
Experimental Results Evaluation 456
FinalRemarks 456
References 456
Processing of Missing Data in a Fuzzy System 458
Introduction 458
Processing of Incomplete Data in Theory 459
Fuzzy Inference System 459
Representation of Missing Data 459
Dealing with Incomplete Data on Exaple of Iris Data 461
Applied Fuzzy Inference Systems 461
Example for a Single Case 462
Results 462
Conclusions 464
References 465
Knowledge-Based Decision Hybrid System forthe Doctor’s Work Support 466
Introduction 466
Knowledge Representation in HYBRIDEX System 467
HYBRIDEX System Conclusion Mechanism 468
HYBRIDEX System Realization 470
Conclusion 471
References 472
Features for Text Comparison 473
Introduction 473
The General Description of the Problem 473
The Description of the Defined Features 474
Application 477
Conclusion 480
References 480
Possibility of Use a Fuzzy Loss Function in Medical Diagnostics 481
Introduction 481
Hierarchical Classifier 482
Medical Description of the Problem 482
DataDescription 483
Description of the Method 484
Results of Recognition Algorithm 485
Conclusion 485
References 485
An Application of a Generalized Additive Model for an Identification of a Nonlinear Relation between a Course of Menstrual Cycles and a Risk of Endometrioid Cysts 487
Introduction 487
Modeling of Clinical Data 488
Clinical Data 488
Identification of the Relationship between a Menstrual Cycles Characteristics and a Risk of Endometrioid Cysts 488
Results 490
Discussion 491
References 491
Recognition of the Ventilatory Response to the Intermittent Chemical Stimuli in Awake Animals 493
Introduction 493
Materials and Methods 494
Results and Discussion 496
References 498
Part VI Multimedia 500
Telesfor – Telemedical Real-Time Communication Support System 501
Introduction 501
Motivation and Expected Functionality 502
Technologies 502
ConferenceXP 503
Other Technologies 504
Telesfor’s Architecture 504
Session Example 506
Summary 507
References 508
Multimedia Program for Teaching Autistic Children 509
Introduction 509
The Application 511
Teaching How to Get in Touch 511
Acquainting with Facial Gestures 512
Renting a Film 512
Everyday Behaviour and Activities 513
Usability of the Application 514
Conclusions 515
References 516
Multimedia System for Accessible Distant Education 517
Introduction 517
Daisy Standard 517
Managemend System for Internet Multimedia Library 518
Interactive Multimedia Daisy Book Browser 519
System Implementation 521
References 521
Part VII Biomechanics 522
Biomechanical Behaviour of Double Threaded Screw in Tibia Fixation 523
Introduction 523
Methods 523
Numerical Model 524
Boundary Conditions 524
Results 526
Tibia 526
Tibia – Double Threaded Screw System 526
Conclusions 528
References 529
Biomechanical Analysis of Lumbar Spine Stabilization by Means of Transpedicular Stabilizer 531
Introduction 531
Materials and Methods 532
Results 534
Conclusions 537
References 538
FEM Analisys of the Expandable Intramedullar Nail 539
Introduction 539
Materials and Methods 539
Results 542
Results of the Femur – Expandable Intramedullary Nail System Analysis 542
Results of the Expansion of the Intramedullary Nail Analysis 544
Conclusion 545
References 546
Biomechanical Analysis of Plate for Corrective Osteotomy of Tibia 547
Introduction 547
Materials and Methods 548
Results 549
Results of Tibia – Stainless Steel Plate System 549
Results of Tibia – Ti-6Al-4V Plate System 550
Conclusion 551
References 551
Kinematic Analysis of Complex Therapeutic Movements of the Upper Limb 553
Introduction 553
Method 554
Results 556
Conclusions 560
References 560
Influence of Model Discretization Density in FEM Numerical Analysis on the Determined Stress Level in Bone Surrounding Dental Implants 561
Introduction 561
Materials and Methods 562
Results 564
Conclusion 568
References 569
Computer Simulations of Electric Properties of Organic and Non-organic Compounds 570
Introduction 570
Description of RC Model 571
Distribution of Relaxation Times 571
Results and Discussion 572
Concluding Remarks 574
References 574
Author Index 575