End User Development (eBook)

Contents 6
Preface 8
Acknowledgments 15
Chapter 1 End-User Development: An Emerging Paradigm 17
References 23
Chapter 2 Psychological Issues in End-User Programming 25
1. Introduction 25
2. End-User Developers as Natural Programmers 26
3. User Perspectives on EUD Technologies 28
4. Theoretical Perspectives 35
5. Practical Usability Approaches to EUD 38
6. End-User Software Engineering 40
7. Conclusion 41
References 41
Chapter 3 More Natural Programming Languages and Environments 47
1. Introduction 47
2. Why Natural Might be Better for End-User Developers 48
3. Survey of Earlier Work 50
4. Initial User Studies 52
5. Studying the Construction of Sets 55
6. Hands Environment and Language 57
7. Evaluation of the Hands Environment and Language 61
8. Current Work 63
9. Conclusions 63
Acknowledgments 64
References 64
Chapter 4 What Makes End-User Development Tick? 67
1. Introduction 67
2. Agentsheets 71
3. Syntactic Guidelines 74
4. Semantic Guidelines 79
5. Pragmatic Guidelines 84
6. Conclusions 98
Acknowledgment 98
References 98
Chapter 5 An Integrated Software Engineering Approach for End- User Programmers 102
1. Introduction 102
2. Related Work 103
3. Wysiwyt Testing 104
4. Assertions 108
5. If we Build it, will they Come? 113
6. Fault Localization 118
7. Concluding Remarks 121
Acknowledgments 122
Appendix A: WYSIWYT Scenarios in Excel 122
References 125
Chapter 6 Component-Based Approaches to Tailorable Systems 129
1. Introduction 129
2. Component Model and Tailoring Platform 132
3. User Interface 136
4. Cooperative Tailoring 145
5. Related Work 148
6. Conclusion 150
References 152
Chapter 7 Natural Development of Nomadic Interfaces Based on Conceptual Descriptions 156
1. Introduction 156
2. Related Work 157
3. Criteria for Obtaining Natural Development Environments 160
4. The Many Views on an Interactive System 165
5. Teresa: An Authoring Environment for Ubiquitous Interfaces 167
6. An Example of Application 168
7. Conclusions 169
Acknowledgments 171
References 171
Chapter 8 End User Development of Web Applications 173
1. Introduction 173
2. Related Work 174
3. A User-Centered Approach to Web Development Tools 176
4. Needs Analysis for EUDWeb 177
5. Challenges Faced by Web Developers 178
6. Cataloguing Key Components of Web Applications 180
7. Analysis of State-of-the-Art Tools 180
8. End UsersÌ Understanding of Web Development 182
9. Prototyping and Evaluating EUDWeb Tools 190
10. Summary and Conclusions 192
Acknowledgements 193
References 193
Chapter 9 End-User Development: The Software Shaping Workshop Approach 195
1. Introduction 195
2. Phenomena Affecting the HumanÒComputer Interaction Process 197
3. Domain-Expert UsersÌ EUD Activities 201
4. SOFTWARE SHAPINGWORKSHOPS 202
5. SSWs for a Medical Domain 207
6. Related Work 212
7. Conclusions 214
Acknowledgments 215
References 215
Chapter 10 Participatory Programming: Developing Programmable Bioinformatics Tools for End-Users 218
1. Introduction 218
2. Problem Description 219
3. Approach: Participatory Programming 222
4. Biok: Biological Interactive Object Kit 232
5. Reports on the Uses of the Prototype 238
6. Between End-User Programming and Open Systems: A Final Reflection 242
7. Conclusion 248
Acknowledgments 249
References 249
Chapter 11 Challenges for End-User Development in Intelligent Environments 254
1. Introduction 254
2. The Wake-Up Experience 255
3. Evaluation 257
4. A Context-Aware Remote Control 258
5. Conclusion 260
References 260
Chapter 12 Fuzzy Rewriting 262
1. Introduction 262
2. Related Works 263
3. Fuzzy Rewriting 264
4. Viscuit 266
5. Execution Examples 268
6. Matching and Generating Objects 273
7. Consideration 275
8. Conclusion 277
Acknowledgment 277
References 278
Chapter 13 Breaking It Up: An Industrial Case Study of Component- Based Tailorable Software Design 279
1. Introduction 279
2. Concepts for Component-Based Tailorability 281
3. Case Study 287
4. Conclusion 301
References 302
Chapter 14 End-User Development as Adaptive Maintenance 305
1. Introduction 305
2. Experiences 306
3. Challenges, Problems, and Solutions 316
4. Conclusion 321
Acknowledgments 322
References 322
Chapter 15 Supporting Collaborative Tailoring 324
1. Introduction 324
2. The Collaborative Dimension of Tailoring Activities 325
3. Support for Collaborative Tailoring in ÏShared UseÓ Scenarios 330
4. Support for Collaborative Tailoring in ÏShared ContextÓ Scenarios 331
5. Support for Collaborative Tailoring in ÏShared ToolÓ Scenarios 336
6. Collaborative Tailoring of and in ÏShared InfrastructuresÓ 343
7. From Collaborative Tailoring to Appropriation Support 346
8. Conclusion 351
References 351
Chapter 16 EUD as Integration of Components Off-The-Shelf: The Role of Software Professionals Knowledge Artifacts 355
1. Background and Motivations 355
2. Knowledge Artifacts Supporting Professional Design 357
3. Applying Professional Knowledge Artifacts in EUD 365
4. Concluding Remarks 375
References 376
Chapter 17 Organizational View of End-User Development 378
1. Introduction 378
2. Data Collection 379
3. Areas of Concern and Emergent Themes 385
4. Strategies for Managing the Integration of EUD 393
5. Conclusion 397
APPENDIX A: Questionnaire Results and Relationship with Survey Objectives 398
APPENDIX B: Histograms of Responses 399
APPENDIX C: End User Development Perceptions Questionnaire 404
Acknowledgments 405
References 405
Chapter 18 A Semiotic Framing for End-User Development 407
1. Meeting End-UsersÌ Expectations 407
2. Usability Challenges and EUD 409
3. A Semiotic Account of Meaning for Humans and Computers 410
4. Meeting the UserÌs Intent Through EUD 413
5. Final Discussion 427
Acknowledgments 431
References 431
Chapter 19 Meta-design: A Framework for the Future of End- User Development 433
1. Introduction 433
2. The Rationale for Meta-Design 434
3. A Conceptual Framework for Meta-Design 436
4. Environments Supporting Meta-Design 443
5. Application of Meta-Design Approaches 445
6. Findings and Challenges for The Future 451
7. Conclusions 459
Acknowledgments 460
References 460
Chapter 20 Feasibility Studies for Programming in Natural Language 464
1. Introduction 464
2. Feasibility Study 465
3. Designing Dialogue Management for Natural Language Programming 466
4. Designing Natural Language Understanding for Programming 468
5. Annotation Interfaces 476
6. Note 477
7. Conclusion 477
Acknowledgments 477
References 477
Chapter 21 Future Perspectives in End-User Development 479
1. Introduction 479
2. How to Carry on With EUD 480
3. An EUD-Roadmap to an Information Society With Empowered End- Users 486
4. Conclusion 488
Acknowledgments 489
References 489
Index 491