Guide to RISC Processors (eBook)

Contents 9
Preface 6
PART I Overview 14
1 Introduction 15
Processor Architecture 15
RISC Versus CISC 17
What Is Assembly Language? 19
Advantages of High-Level Languages 21
Why Program in Assembly Language? 22
Summary 23
2 Processor Design Issues 24
Introduction 24
Number of Addresses 25
The Load/Store Architecture 31
Processor Registers 33
Flow of Control 33
Procedure Calls 37
Handling Branches 39
Instruction Set Design Issues 43
Summary 47
3 RISC Principles 49
Introduction 49
Evolution of CISC Processors 50
Why RISC? 51
RISC Design Principles 53
Summary 54
PART II Architectures 55
4 MIPS Architecture 56
Introduction 56
Registers 57
Register Usage Convention 57
Addressing Modes 59
Instruction Format 60
Memory Usage 61
Summary 62
5 SPARC Architecture 64
Introduction 64
Registers 65
Addressing Modes 67
Instruction Format 68
Instruction Set 68
Procedures and Parameter Passing 78
Summary 85
6 PowerPC Architecture 87
Introduction 87
Register Set 89
Addressing Modes 91
Instruction Format 92
Instruction Set 94
Summary 104
7 Itanium Architecture 105
Introduction 105
Registers 106
Addressing Modes 108
Procedure Calls 109
Instruction Format 110
Instruction-Level Parallelism 113
Instruction Set 114
Handling Branches 120
Speculative Execution 122
Branch Prediction Hints 127
Summary 127
8 ARM Architecture 129
Introduction 129
Registers 131
Addressing Modes 133
Instruction Format 136
Instruction Set 139
Summary 153
PART III MIPS Assembly Language 154
9 SPIM Simulator and Debugger 155
Introduction 155
Simulator Settings 158
Running a Program 159
Debugging 160
Summary 163
10 Assembly Language Overview 164
Introduction 164
Assembly Language Statements 165
SPIM System Calls 166
SPIM Assembler Directives 167
MIPS Program Template 170
Data Movement Instructions 170
Load Instructions 171
Store Instructions 172
Addressing Modes 172
Sample Instructions 173
Our First Program 177
Illustrative Examples 179
Summary 187
11 Procedures and the Stack 188
Introduction 188
Procedure Invocation 191
Returning from a Procedure 193
Parameter Passing 194
Our First Program 194
Stack Implementation in MIPS 197
Parameter Passing via the Stack 201
Illustrative Examples 205
Passing Variable Number of Parameters 212
Summary 215
12 Addressing Modes 216
Introduction 216
Addressing Modes 217
Processing Arrays 219
Our First Program 222
Illustrative Examples 224
Summary 229
13 Arithmetic Instructions 230
Introduction 230
Addition 231
Subtraction 231
Multiplication 233
Division 234
Our First Program 235
Illustrative Examples 237
Summary 247
14 Conditional Execution 248
Introduction 248
Comparison Instructions 249
Unconditional Branch Instructions 251
Conditional Branch Instructions 253
Our First Program 254
Illustrative Examples 257
Indirect Jumps 264
Indirect Procedures 267
Summary 272
15 Logical and Shift Operations 273
Introduction 273
Logical Instructions 274
Shift Instructions 280
Rotate Instructions 284
Our First Program 285
Illustrative Examples 288
Summary 294
16 Recursion 295
Introduction 295
Our First Program 296
Illustrative Examples 299
Recursion Versus Iteration 307
Summary 308
17 Floating-Point Operations 309
Introduction 309
FPU Registers 310
Floating-Point Instructions 311
Our First Program 316
Illustrative Examples 318
Summary 326
Appendices 327
A Number Systems 328
Positional Number Systems 328
Conversion to Decimal 330
Conversion from Decimal 331
Binary/Octal/Hexadecimal Conversion 332
Unsigned Integers 333
Signed Integers 334
Floating-Point Representation 337
Summary 339
B Character Representation 341
Character Representation 341
ASCII Character Set 342
C MIPS Instruction Set Summary 345
D Programming Exercises 367
Bibliography 376
Index 379