Typographic Design

Rob Carter is Professor of Typography and Graphic Design at Virginia Commonwealth University, and has served as a visiting professor at the Gerrit Rietveld Academy in Amsterdam. He has received numerous awards for his work from organizations such as the American Institute of Graphic Arts, New York Type Directors Club, New York Art Directors Club, Society of Typographic Arts, Creativity, Print regional annual, and I.D. magazine's Annual Design Review. He is the author of American Typography Today, Typographic Design: The Great Typefaces, the five-volume Working with Type series, and Digital Color and Type . He is also coauthor, with Sandra Wheeler, of Meggs: Making Graphic Design Hist ory. The late Ben Day was Professor Emeritus at Virginia Commonwealth University. He also taught at Boston University and had been a Visiting Designer at the University of Connecticut. His many exhibitions included the American Institute of Graphic Arts, the New York Type Directors Club, and the New York Sculpture Centre. The Boston Society of Printers awarded him a teaching fellowship. He served as a consultant to Bostonia magazine, NASA, and the Fogg Museum, and art directed Handel and Haydn magazine. He was selected for Who's Who Among America's Teachers . The late Philip Meggs was a designer, educator, and author. He was School of the Arts Research Professor, Communication Arts and Design Department, at Virginia Commonwealth University; visiting faculty at Syracuse University and the National College of Art and Design in Dublin, Ireland; and contributing editor to Print magazine. He authored more than a dozen books and 150 articles and papers on design and typography, including a section on graphic design in Encyclopedia Britannica. He was inducted into the Art Directors Hall of Fame and received its Educator's Award for lifetime achievement and significantly shaping the future of the fields of graphic design education and writing. He was posthumously awarded the AIGA Medal for design leadership.

Introduction xi 1 The Evolution of Typography 1 From the origins of writing to Gutenberg's invention of movable type 2 Typography from Gutenberg to the nineteenth century 7 The nineteenth century and the Industrial Revolution 12 Typography in the twentieth century 18 A new century and millennium begin 27 2 The Anatomy of Typography 31 Letterforms analyzed 32 The typographic font 35 Historical classification of typefaces 38 Typographic measurement 42 The type family 45 3 Syntax and Communication 49 Typographic syntax 50 Typographic space 60 Visual hierarchy 64 ABA form 70 4 Legibility 75 Distinguishing characteristics of letters 76 The nature of words 78 Capital and lowercase letters 79 Interletter and interword spacing 79 Type size, line length, and interline spacing 80 Weight 81 Character width 81 Italics 81 Legibility and color 82 Justified and unjustified typography 85 Paragraphs and indentions 85 Legibility and electronic page design 87 Typographic details 88 5 The Typographic Grid 91 Background 92 Structure and space 92 Proportion 94 Single column grids 97 Multi-column grids 100 Modular grids 105 Improvisational structures 110 6 The Typographic Message 111 A multidimensional language 112 Verbal/visual equations 115 Function and expression 121 7 Typographic Technology 125 Hand composition 126 Linotype 127 Monotype 128 Ludlow 129 Phototypesetting 130 Digital typesetting 132 Electronic page design 134 8 Typography on Screen 139 Rendering type on screen 140 Selecting typefaces 143 Legibility factors for on-screen typography 146 Programming for Web design 148 Structuring Web pages 150 Case studies in Web design 152 9 Case Studies in Typographic Design 161 Integrating type and image in poster design 162 The U.S. National Park Service Unigrid System 166 Book design: VAS: An Opera in Flatland 169 Typographic film titles 173 Buenos Aires Underground (Subte) 176 Information design: Metropolitan World Atlas 180 A typographic program for the 17th Street Farmers' Market 184 10 Typographic Design Education 187 Generation of a typographic sign from a gestural mark 188 Letter/digit configurations 189 Urban letterform studies 189 Inventing sign systems 190 Letterform analysis 190 Flowering typography 191 Sequential typographic forms in space 191 Visual organization and grid structures 192 Introduction to systems design 193 Designing with a single letter 194 Typography and image transformations 194 Experimental compositions with found typography 195 Syntactic explorations using onomatopoeic terms 196 Type chronology booklet 197 Expressive typography: form amplifies message 198 Computer improvisation and manipulation 198 Observing systems in our surroundings 199 Interpretive typography: exploring legibility and impact 200 Symphony poster series 200 Information design: changing typographic parameters 201 Typographic cubes 202 Calendar typography 202 Unity of form and communication 203 Typeface history posters 204 Visual identity program 204 Type in Motion 205 Blending Latin and non-Latin typographic forms 205 Type and image in the third dimension 206 Comparative relationships: type and image 207 Directional poster: from your house to the university 208 Graphic-design history posters and booklet 209 Animated Web site flash pages 210 Typezine: my favorite typeface 211 Type history posters 211 Typeface design: mind/machine 212 Experimental typographic system 213 Banknote design 214 Type as metaphor 215 Form and counterform, scale and proportion: "Ne var, ne yok?" 216 11 Typographic Design Process 217 A traditional model 218 Processing typographic form and ideas 219 Typographic process case studies 225 Experimental typographic transformation 230 Now Projector: Design as Projection 238 Typographic book covers 245 12 Type Specimens 251 Old Style 253 Adobe Garamond 254 Adobe Minion Display Regular 260 Additional Old Style fonts 266 Sans serif 269 Univers 55 270 Meta Normal 276 Futura Book 282 Additional Sans Serif fonts 288 Transitional 291 Baskerville Regular 292 Georgia 298 Additional Transitional fonts 304 Modern 307 Bauer Bodoni Regular 308 Additional Modern fonts 314 Egyptian 317 Serifa Roman 318 Archer 324 Additional Egyptian fonts 330 Selected Decorative fonts 332 A chronology of typeface designs 334 Glossary 336 Bibliography 346 Picture Credits 348 Index 352