Wireless Sensor Networks

Dr. Ian F. Akyildiz is Ken Byers Distinguished Chair Professor in Telecommunications at the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, and Director of the Broadband and Wireless Networking Laboratory. Current research interests are Sensor Networks, InterPlanetary Internet, Wireless Networks, Satellite Networks and Next Generation Internet. ?Ian has published over 200 journal and conference papers, is Editor-in-Chief of the Computer Networks and Ad Hoc Networks Journals (Elsevier), and an Editor for the ACM-Kluwer Journal of Wireless Networks. Ian is an IEEE Fellow (1996) with the citation: "For contributions to performance analysis of computer communication networks," and an ACM Fellow (1997) "for fundamental research contributions in: finite capacity queuing network models; performance evaluation of Time Warp parallel simulations; traffic Control in ATM networks, and mobility management in wireless networks". M. Can Vuran received his B.Sc. degree in electrical and electronics engineering from Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey, in 2002. He received his M.S. degree in electrical and computer engineering from the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, in 2004. He is currently a Research Assistant in the Broadband and Wireless Networking Laboratory and pursuing his Ph.D. degree at the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology. His current research interests include cross-layer communication protocols for heterogeneous wireless architectures, wireless sensor networks, next generation wireless networks and deep space communication networks.

About the Series Editor xvii Preface xix 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Sensor Mote Platforms 2 1.2 WSN Architecture and Protocol Stack 10 References 15 2 WSN Applications 17 2.1 Military Applications 17 2.2 Environmental Applications 21 2.3 Health Applications 26 2.4 Home Applications 29 2.5 Industrial Applications 31 References 33 3 Factors Influencing WSN Design 37 3.1 Hardware Constraints 37 3.2 Fault Tolerance 39 3.3 Scalability 40 3.4 Production Costs 40 3.5 WSN Topology 40 3.6 Transmission Media 41 3.7 Power Consumption 43 References 49 4 Physical Layer 53 4.1 Physical Layer Technologies 53 4.2 Overview of RF Wireless Communication 57 4.3 Channel Coding (Error Control Coding) 59 4.4 Modulation 62 4.5 Wireless Channel Effects 66 4.6 PHY Layer Standards 72 References 75 5 Medium Access Control 77 5.1 Challenges for MAC 77 5.2 CSMA Mechanism 80 5.3 Contention-Based Medium Access 83 5.4 Reservation-Based Medium Access 103 5.5 Hybrid Medium Access 110 References 115 6 Error Control 117 6.1 Classification of Error Control Schemes 117 6.2 Error Control in WSNs 120 6.3 Cross-layer Analysis Model 123 6.4 Comparison of Error Control Schemes 131 References 137 7 Network Layer 139 7.1 Challenges for Routing 139 7.2 Data-centric and Flat-Architecture Protocols 141 7.3 Hierarchical Protocols 148 7.4 Geographical Routing Protocols 152 7.5 QoS-Based Protocols 159 References 163 8 Transport Layer 167 8.1 Challenges for Transport Layer 167 8.2 Reliable Multi-Segment Transport (RMST) Protocol 169 8.3 Pump Slowly, Fetch Quickly (PSFQ) Protocol 171 8.4 Congestion Detection and Avoidance (CODA) Protocol 175 8.5 Event-to-Sink Reliable Transport (ESRT) Protocol 177 8.6 GARUDA 180 8.7 Real-Time and Reliable Transport (RT)2 Protocol 185 References 189 9 Application Layer 191 9.1 Source Coding (Data Compression) 191 9.2 Query Processing 195 9.3 Network Management 212 References 218 10 Cross-layer Solutions 221 10.1 Interlayer Effects 222 10.2 Cross-layer Interactions 224 10.3 Cross-layer Module 229 References 240 11 Time Synchronization 243 11.1 Challenges for Time Synchronization 243 11.2 Network Time Protocol 245 11.3 Definitions 246 11.4 Timing-Sync Protocol for Sensor Networks (TPSN) 248 11.5 Reference-Broadcast Synchronization (RBS) 251 11.6 Adaptive Clock Synchronization (ACS) 253 11.7 Time Diffusion Synchronization Protocol (TDP) 254 11.8 Rate-Based Diffusion Protocol (RDP) 257 11.9 Tiny- and Mini-Sync Protocols 258 11.10 Other Protocols 260 References 262 12 Localization 265 12.1 Challenges in Localization 265 12.2 Ranging Techniques 268 12.3 Range-Based Localization Protocols 272 12.4 Range-Free Localization Protocols 280 References 284 13 Topology Management 287 13.1 Deployment 288 13.2 Power Control 289 13.3 Activity Scheduling 296 13.4 Clustering 308 References 317 14 Wireless Sensor and Actor Networks 319 14.1 Characteristics of WSANs 321 14.2 Sensor Actor Coordination 325 14.3 Actor Actor Coordination 337 14.4 WSAN Protocol Stack 345 References 348 15 Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks 349 15.1 Design Challenges 350 15.2 Network Architecture 353 15.3 Multimedia Sensor Hardware 357 15.4 Physical Layer 365 15.5 MAC Layer 367 15.6 Error Control 371 15.7 Network Layer 374 15.8 Transport Layer 379 15.9 Application Layer 383 15.10 Cross-layer Design 388 15.11 Further Research Issues 392 References 394 16 Wireless Underwater Sensor Networks 399 16.1 Design Challenges 401 16.2 Underwater Sensor Network Components 402 16.3 Communication Architecture 405 16.4 Basics of Underwater Acoustic Propagation 409 16.5 Physical Layer 414 16.6 MAC Layer 416 16.7 Network Layer 426 16.8 Transport Layer 435 16.9 Application Layer 437 16.10 Cross-layer Design 437 References 440 17 Wireless Underground Sensor Networks 443 17.1 Applications 445 17.2 Design Challenges 447 17.3 Network Architecture 450 17.4 Underground Wireless Channel for EM Waves 453 17.5 Underground Wireless Channel for Magnetic Induction 463 17.6 Wireless Communication in Mines and Road/Subway Tunnels 466 17.7 Communication Architecture 474 References 480 18 Grand Challenges 483 18.1 Integration of Sensor Networks and the Internet 483 18.2 Real-Time and Multimedia Communication 484 18.3 Protocol Stack 485 18.4 Synchronization and Localization 485 18.5 WSNs in Challenging Environments 486 18.6 Practical Considerations 488 18.7 Wireless Nano-sensor Networks 488 References 489 Index 491