The Annotated C++ Reference Manual

About Margaret A. Ellis has worked for AT&T Bell Laboratories, UNIX System Laboratories, and Novell in compiler development. Ellis received a masters of science degree in computer science from the University of California. She is the coauthor of The Annotated C++ Reference Manual.   Bjarne Stroustrup is the designer and original implementer of C++, the author of The C++ Programming Language, The Annotated C++ Reference Manual, and The Design and Evolution of C++, and the consulting editor of Addison-Wesley's C++ In-Depth Series. Having previously worked at Bell Labs and AT&T Labs-Research, he currently is the College of Engineering Chair in Computer Science Professor at Texas A&M University. The recipient of numerous honors, including the Dr. Dobb's Excellence in Programming Award (2008), Dr. Stroustrup is a member of the National Academy of Engineering, an AT&T Fellow, an AT&T Bell Laboratories Fellow, an IEEE Fellow, and an ACM Fellow. His research interests include distributed systems, simulation, design, programming techniques, software development tools, and programming languages, and he remains actively involved in the ANSI/ISO standardization of C++. Dr. Stroustrup holds an advanced degree from the University of Aarhus in his native Denmark and a Ph.D. in Computer Science from Cambridge University, England.

Preface.


1. Introduction.


Overview.



Syntax Notation.



Evolution of C++.



Acknowledgements.



2. Lexical Conventions.


Tokens.



Comments.



Identifiers.



Keywords.



Literals.



Implementation Dependencies.



3. Basic Concepts.


Declarations and Definitions.



Scopes.



Program and Linkage.



Start and Termination.



Storage Classes.



Types.



Lvalues.



Name Spaces.



Numerical Limits.



4. Standard Conversions.


Integral Promotions.



Integral Conversions.



Float and Double.



Floating and Integral.



Arithmetic Conversions.



Pointer Conversions.



Reference Conversions.



Pointers to Members.



Arithmetic Conversions.



5. Expressions.


Primary Expressions.



Postfix Expressions.



Unary Operators.



Explicit Type Conversion.



Pointer-to-Member Operators.



Multiplicative Operators.



Additive Operators.



Shift Operators.



Relational Operators.



Equality Operators.



Bitwise AND Operator.



Bitwise Exclusive OR Operator.



Bitwise Inclusive OR Operator.



Logical AND Operator.



Logical OR Operator.



Conditional Operator.



Assignment Operators.



Comma Operator.



Constant Expressions.



6. Statements.


Labeled Statement.



Expression Statement.



Compound Statement, or Block.



Selection Statements.



Iteration Statements.



Jump Statements.



Declaration Statement.



Ambiguity Resolution.



7. Declarations.


Specifiers.



Enumeration Declarations.



Asm Declarations.



Linkage Specifications.



Linkage Specifications.



Type-safe Linkage.



Limitations.



8. Declarators.


Type Names



Meaning of Declarators.



Function Definitions.



Initializers.



Pointers to Members.



9. Classes.


Class Names.



Class Members.



Member Functions.



Static Members.



Unions.



Bit-Fields.



Nested Class Declarations.



Local Class Declarations.



Local Type Names.



Interfaces.



10. Derived Classes.


Multiple Base Classes.



Virtual Functions.



Abstract Classes.



Summary of Scope Rules.



Single Inheritance.



Multiple Inheritance.



Multiple Inheritance and Casting.



Multiple Inheritance and Implicit Conversion.



Virtual Base Classes.



Virtual Base Classes and Casting.



Single Inheritance and Virtual Functions.



Multiple Inheritance and Virtual Functions.



Instantiation of Virtual Functions.



Virtual Base Classes with Virtual Functions.



Renaming.



11. Member Access Control.


Access Specifiers.



Access Specifiers for Base Classes.



Access Declarations.



Friends.



Protected Member Access.



Access to Virtual Functions.



Multiple Access.



General Ideas.



Per Class Protection.



Access Control.



12. Special Member Functions.


Constructors.



Temporary Objects.



Conversions.



Destructors.



Free Store.



Initialization.



Constructors and Destructors.



Copying Class Objects.



Temporary Elimination.



Access Control and Special Functions.



Summary of Member, Friend, and Special Functions.



13. Overloading.


Declaration Matching.



Argument Matching.



Address of Overload Function.



Overloaded Operators.



14. Templates.


Templates.



Class Templates.



Type Equivalence.



Function Templates.



Declarations and Definitions.



Member Function Templates.



Friends.



Static Members and Variables.



15. Exception Handling.


Exception Handling.



Throwing an Exception.



Constructors and Destructors.



Handling and Exception.



Exception Specifications.



Special Functions.



Exceptions and Access.



16. Preprocessing.


Phases of Preprocessing.



Trigraph Sequences.



Macro Definition and Expansion.



File Inclusion.



Conditional Compilation.



Line Control.



Error Directive.



Pragmas.



Null Directive.



Predefined Names.



C++ Constructs versus #define.



Compatibility.



Classic C Preprocessing.



17. Grammar Summary.


Keywords.



Expressions.



Declarations.



Declarators.



Class.



Statements.



Preprocessor.



Templates.



Exception.



18. Compatibility.


Extensions.



C++ and ANSI C.



Anachronisms.



ANSI/ISO Resolutions.


Index. 0201514591T04062001