Structure of Matter (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Structure of Matter 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 16
Honorary Editorial Advisory Board 6
Foreword 8
Preface To Volume 6 14
INTRODUCTION TO VOLUME 6 18
Molecules and Crystalline Structure 24
My Debt to Irving Langmuir 33
References 35
PART 1: ATOMIC STRUCTURE 36
CHAPTER 1. THE STRUCTURE OF ATOMS AND THE OCTET THEORY OF VALENCE 38
CHAPTER 2. THE ARRANGEMENT OF ELECTRONS IN ATOMS AND MOLECULES 46
First Long Period 53
Magnetic Properties 58
Second Long Period 61
The "Rare Earth" Period 61
The Uranium Period 63
The Mechanism of Chemical Action and the Structure and Properties of Compounds 64
First Short Period 66
Octet Theory of Valence 69
Second Short Period 86
First Long Period 100
Valence, Coördination Number and Covalence 101
General Conclusions 107
Summary 108
CHAPTER 3. THE OCTET THEORY OF VALENCE AND ITS APPLICATIONS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO ORGANIC NITROGEN COMPOUNDS 111
Tercovalent Nitrogen 114
Quadricovalent Nitrogen, Etc. 116
Acids, Bases and Salts 123
Isomerism of Cyanates, Cyanides, Nitrides, Etc. 125
Phosphonium, Arsonium, Sulfonium and Oxonium Compounds 125
Summary 128
CHAPTER 4. THE STRUCTURE OF ATOMS AND ITS BEARING ON CHEMICAL VALENCE 130
References 137
CHAPTER 5. THE CHARGE ON THE ELECTRON AND THE VALUE OF PLANCK'S CONSTANT h 138
CHAPTER 6. THEORIES OF ATOMIC STRUCTURE 141
CHAPTER 7. THE STRUCTURE OF THE HELIUM ATOM 143
CHAPTER 8. THE STRUCTURE OF THE HELIUM ATOM 147
CHAPTER 9. THE STRUCTURE OF THE STATIC ATOM 161
CHAPTER 10. TYPES OF VALENCE 165
PART 2: MOLECULES AND CRYSTALLINE STRUCTURE 178
CHAPTER 11. ISOMORPHISM, ISOSTERISM AND COVALENCE 180
Summary 195
CHAPTER 12. THE STRUCTURES OF THE HYDROGEN MOLECULE AND THE HYDROGEN ION 197
CHAPTER 13. THE DIFFUSION COEFFICIENT IN SOLIDS AND ITS TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENT 202
CHAPTER 14. THE DISTRIBUTION AND ORIENTATION OF MOLECULES 203
Orientation of Molecules in a Liquid Phase 218
Orientation of Molecules in Interfaces 224
CHAPTER 15. THE EFFECTS OF MOLECULAR DISSYMMETRY ON SOME PROPERTIES OF MATTER 230
Types of Interatomic and Intermolecular Forces 232
Forces at the Surfaces of Molecules 236
Surface Forces as the Cause of Molecular Orientation 238
Bibliography 254
CHAPTER 16. FORCES NEAR THE SURFACES OF MOLECULES 255
Repulsive Forces between Molecules 256
Attractive Forces between Molecules 258
Principle of Independent Surface Action 267
References 275
CHAPTER 17. THE CRYSTAL STRUCTURES OF THE AMMONIUM HALIDES ABOVE AND BELOW THE TRANSITION TEMPERATURES 276
Experimental Results 277
Experimental Data 279
Summary 282
CHAPTER 18. VECTOR MAPS AND CRYSTAL ANALYSIS 284
References 288
CHAPTER 19. THE ROLE OF ATTRACTIVE AND REPULSIVE FORCES IN THE FORMATION OF TACTOIDS, THIXOTROPIC GELS, PROTEIN CRYSTALS AND COACERVATES 289
Bentonite Sols 292
Vanadium Pentoxide Sols 301
Protein Crystals and Tactoids 303
Coacervates 304
Attractive and Repulsive Forces in Unipolar Coacervates 305
The Debye-Hückel Theory (1st Approximation) Applied to the Dilute Phase 311
The Effect of Added Salts 314
Debye-Hückel 2nd Approximation. Effect of Particle Size 315
Potential Distribution Near Plane Surfaces 317
Repulsion Between Parallel Planes 320
Repulsive Forces Between Micelles in Colloids 323
The Potential V1 and the .-Potential 324
Bipolar Coacervation 325
CHAPTER 20. REGIONS OF REVERSED MAGNETIZATION IN STRAINED WIRES 326
APPENDIX I: IRVING LANGMUIR — CURRICULUM VITAE 328
APPENDIX II: COMPLETE LIST OF PAPERS OF DR. IRVING LANGMUIR AS THEY APPEAR IN THE LANGMUIR MEMORIAL VOLUMES 330