TV & Video Engineer's Reference Book (eBook)

Front Cover 1
TV & Video Engineer's Reference Book
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 8
Preface 6
List of Contributors 12
Part 1: Basic Reference Material 14
Chapter 1. Television Standards and Broadcasting Spectrum 16
1.1 Scanning and aspect ratio 16
1.2 Still and moving pictures 16
1.3 Television picture frequency 17
1.4 The video signal 18
1.5 Channel bandwidth 19
1.6 Synchronism between scanning systems 20
1.7 Porches 22
1.8 DSB, ssb, asb and vsb 22
1.9 National standards 24
1.10 Bands and channels 25
1.11 Adding colour to a monochrome system 26
Acknowledgement 27
Chapter 2. Quantities and Units 28
2.1 International unit system 28
2.2 Universal constants in SI units 31
2.3 Metric to Imperial conversion factors 31
2.4 Symbols and abbreviations 32
References 35
Chapter 3. Analogue and Digital Circuit Theory 36
3.1 Analogue circuit theory 36
3.2 Alternating current circuits 38
3.3 Digital circuit theory 42
3.4 Boolean algebra 43
3.5 Karnaugh maps 45
Chapter 4. Engineering Mathematics, Formulas and Calculations 50
4.1 Mathematical signs and symbols 50
4.2 Trigonometric formulas 51
4.3 Trigonometric values 51
4.4 Approximations for small angles 51
4.5 Solution of triangles 51
4.6. Spherical triangle 51
4.7 Exponential form 51
4.8 De Moivre's theorem 51
4.9 Eulers relation 51
4.10 Hyperbolic functions 52
4.11 Complex variable 52
4.12 Cauchy-Riemann equations 52
4.13 Cauchy's theorem 52
4.14 Zeros, poles and residues 52
4.15 Some standard forms 52
4.16 Coordinate systems 53
4.17 Transformation of integrals 53
4.18 Laplace's equation 53
4.19 Solution of equations 53
4.20 Method of least squares 54
4.21 Relation between decibels, current and voltage ratio, and power ratio 54
4.22 Calculus 55
Part 2: Materials, Components and Construction 58
Chapter 5. Conductors and Insulators, Passive Components, Printed Circuit Boards 60
5.1 Conductors, semiconductors and insulators 60
5.2 Resistors, capacitors and inductors 62
5.3 Printed circuits 69
Chapter 6. Semiconductors and Microelectronics 72
6.1 Semiconductors 72
6.2 Diodes 73
6.3 Bipolar junction transistors 75
6.4 Field effect transistors 76
6.5 Other discrete solid-state semiconductor devices 77
6.6 Microelectronics 78
6.7 Linear integrated devices 78
6.8 Digital integrated devices 78
6.9 Miscellaneous integrated devices 79
6.10 Display devices 79
6.11 Charge-transfer devices 80
6.12 Piezoelectric devices 80
6.13 Electromagnetic and thermal devices 80
6.14 General considerations in selecting active and other devices 81
Chapter 7. Thermionics, Power Grid and Linear Beam Tubes 82
7.1 Thermionic tubes 82
7.2 Power grid tubes 87
7.3 Linear beam tubes 95
Acknowledgements 102
References 102
Part 3: Fundamentals of Colour Television 104
Chapter 8. Electron Optics in Cathode Ray Tubes 106
8.1 Beam forming in an electron gun 106
8.2 Electron emission of the cathode 107
8.3 Drive characteristic 108
8.4 Cathode load 110
8.5 Electron optical image forming 110
8.6 Forming the crossover 112
8.7 Thermal spot size 113
8.8 Cathode lens 114
8.9 Prefocus lens 116
8.10 Main lens 116
8.11 Effect of space charge on spot size 118
8.12 Spot size in screen centre 119
8.13 Deflection defocusing 120
8.14 Resolution 120
References 121
Bibliography 122
Chapter 9. Colour Displays and Colorimetry 124
9.1 Types of colour display 124
9.2 Colorimetric principles 126
9.3 Chromaticities of display phosphors 133
References 135
Bibliography 135
Chapter 10. Pickup Tubes and Solid-state Cameras 136
10.1 Photoconductive tubes: principle of operation 136
10.2 Camera tube types 137
10.3 Tubes for broadcast television 137
10.4 Performance characteristics of broadcast standard tubes 139
10.5 Tubes for non-broadcast colour television 143
10.6 Charge coupled devices 144
References 147
Chapter 11. Colour Encodingand Decoding Systems 150
11.1 Introduction 150
11.2 Colour signal relationships 150
11.3 Composite colour systems 151
11.4 Component colour systems 161
References 171
Bibliography 171
Acknowledgment 172
Part 4: Broadcast Transmission 174
Chapter 12. Radio Frequency Propagation 176
12.1 Theoretical principles 176
12.2 Practical considerations 178
Chapter 13. Television Transmitters 184
13.1 Specifications 184
13.2 Basic transmitter types 185
13.3 Drive systems 187
13.4 Multi-channel/stereosound 188
13.5 Tetrode transmitters 189
13.6 Klystron transmitters 191
13.7 Solid-state transmitters 193
13.8 Vision and sound combiners 196
13.9 Control logic and safety 196
13.10 Transmitter specifications 196
13.11 Reserve systems 197
13.12 Programme combiners 199
13.13 High power multi-parallel systems 199
13.14 Programme input and monitoring equipment 199
Bibliography 200
Chapter 14. Transposers 202
14.1 Transposer configurations 203
14.2 Design philosophy 206
14.3 Transposer performance 209
14.4 System performance 210
14.5 Future developments 211
Chapter 15. Remote Supervision of Unattended Transmitters 214
15.1 TV transmitter network 215
15.2 Main station systems design 216
15.3 Automatic on-site monitoring 218
15.4 Station controller concept 220
15.5 Control centres 224
Chapter 16. Transmitter Power System Equipment 228
16.1 Electricity supplies 228
16.2 Power equipment 231
16.3 Transmitter installations 245
References 256
Bibliography 256
Chapter 17. Diagnostics in Computer Controlled Equipment 258
17.1 Computer systems 258
17.2 Types of fault 259
17.3 Tasks for diagnostics 259
17.4 Types of diagnostics 259
17.5 Response to detecting a fault 261
17.6 Watchdog timer 261
17.7 Implementation of diagnostics 261
17.8 Emulation 262
17.9 Diagnostic tests 262
References 263
Chapter 18. Masts, Towers and Antennas 264
18.1 Civil engineering construction 264
18.2 Electrical design of antenna systems 269
References 275
Chapter 19. Service Area Planning 276
19.1 Basic theory 276
19.2 Planning for frequencies between 30and 3000 MHz 277
19.3 Planning for frequencies above 3 GHz 279
19.4 Modulation systems 280
19.5 Received signal 282
19.6 Measurement technique 283
19.7 Site testing 284
References 284
Part 5: Distribution of Broad-b and Signals 286
Chapter 20. Microwave Radio Relay Systems 288
20.1 Types of microwave link 288
20.2 Microwave radio relay systems 288
20.3 Fixed link configurations 293
20.4 System planning 296
20.5 Additional losses 300
20.6 Improving availability 300
Chapter 21. Intercity Links and Switching Centres 304
21.1 Historical development 304
21.2 Eurovision links 310
21.3 Switching centres 316
21.4 Summary 318
Bibliography 320
Chapter 22. Television Standards Converters 322
22.1 Background 322
22.2 Movement portrayal 323
22.3 Judder in standards converters 326
22.4 Interpolation 327
22.5 Future of standards conversion 330
Chapter 23. Satellite Distribution 332
23.1 Background 332
23.2 Satellite operators 333
23.3 Satellite applications 334
23.4 Satellite management 334
23.5 Point-to-point connections for television 336
23.6 Factors affecting programme production 338
23.7 Transportable ground stations 339
23.8 Carrier/noisederivation 339
23.9 Future developments 341
Chapter 24. Coaxial Cable and Optical Fibres 344
24.1 Cable transmission 344
24.2 Optical fibre transmission 349
24.3 Future developments 351
Bibliography 351
Chapter 25. Tree-and-branch Wired Networks 352
25.1 Economic factors 352
25.2 Standards 354
25.3 Receiver characteristics 354
25.4 Characteristics of signals at subscriber's outlets 354
25.5 Channelling plans 355
25.6 Networks 356
25.7 The head-end 357
25.8 Distribution of sound and data signals 357
25.9 Distribution of MAC/packet signals 358
References 359
Chapter 26. Switched-star Networks 362
26.1 Origins 362
26.2 System description 362
26.3 Advantages of switched-star systems 365
26.4 Disadvantages of switched-star systems 366
26.5 Practical switched-star system 366
References 369
Chapter 27. Interactive Applications of Multi-channel Cable Systems 370
27.1 Background 370
27.2 Potential interactive services 370
27.3 Pay-per-view 371
27.4 Private broadcasting 371
27.5 Interactive education 372
27.6 Video libraries 372
27.7 Opinion polling 372
27.8 Interactive teleshopping 372
27.9 Telebanking 373
27.10 Telebetting 374
27.11 Miscellaneous services 374
References 374
Part 6: Direct Broadcasting by Satellite 376
Chapter 28. DBS Systems: Planning and Fundamentals 378
28.1 Geostationary orbit 378
28.2 Satellite geometry 379
28.3 Satellite coverage 379
28.4 Propagation 379
28.5 Eclipse of a geostationary satellite 380
28.6 Signal/noise ratio and picture quality 380
28.7 Protection ratios 380
28.8 Receiver sensitivity 380
28.9 The WARC-BS 1977 plan for 12 GHz dbs in Regions 1 and 3 381
Bibliography 384
Chapter 29. DBS Transmission Systems 386
29.1 MAC/packetfamily 386
29.2 B-MAC system 393
29.3 Digital sound radio system 393
29.4 Japanese A-type NTSC system and MUSE 9 system 394
References 394
Chapter 30. Uplink Terminals 396
30.1 System design 396
30.2 Earth stations 397
Chapter 31. DBS Receivers 406
31.1 DBS transmission systems 406
31.2 Configuration 407
31.3 Technical features 408
31.4 Requirements 409
31.5 Operation and performance 409
31.6 IC development 426
31.7 Re-transmission of satellite broadcasting 426
31.8 Future expansion 426
References 426
Part 7: TV Studios and Studio Equipment 428
Chapter 32. Studio Planning and Requirements 430
32.1 Studio design 430
32.2 Basic video and audio facilities 433
32.3 Communications 435
32.4 Assignment systems 436
32.5 Cabling 437
32.6 Use of patch panels 437
32.7 Television studio centre performance 438
32.8 Time code 438
32.9 System synchronization 439
32.10 Analogue and digital component systems 441
Bibliography 442
Chapter 33a. Studio Cameras and Mountings–Cameras 444
33.1 System structures 444
33.2 System components 447
33.3 Operational characteristics 453
33.4 Automation functions 457
Chapter 33b. Studio Cameras and Mountings–Mounts 462
33.5 Positioning equipment 462
33.6 Pan and tilt heads 465
33.7 System stability 467
Chapter 34a. Studio Lighting and Control – Lighting 468
34.1 The purpose of lighting 468
34.2 Lighting sources 468
34.3 Static portraiture 469
34.4 Moving portraiture 471
34.5 Creative lighting 472
Chapter 34b. Studio Lighting and Control – Control 476
34.6 Lighting control system 476
34.7 Individual lamp control module 477
34.8 Control of lamps in groups 478
34.9 Operational processing: the CPU 482
34.10 Main file control 498
34.11 Lighting control brightness distribution 500
34.12 Lamps 503
Chapter 35. Mixers (Switchers) and Special Effects Generators 510
35.1 Definition of terms 510
35.2 Routeing switchers 511
35.3 Vision mixer architecture 512
35.4 Implications of colour system 514
35.5 Mix/effects amplifiers 514
35.6 Wipe pattern generation 515
35.7 Title keying 517
35.8 Chroma key 518
35.9 Output processing amplifiers 520
35.10 Digital effects 520
35.11 Control 521
References 521
Chapter 36. Computer Graphics and Animation 522
36.1 Background 522
36.2 Computer aided design 522
36.3 Television graphies 523
36.4 Potential problems in graphics system designs 523
36.5 Hardware elements 524
36.6 User interface 525
36.7 System classifications 527
References 528
Chapter 37. Video Tape Recording 530
37.1 Frequency range 530
37.2 Modulation 531
37.3 Transport systems 533
37.4 Servo systems 535
37.5 Timebase correction 537
Chapter 38. Film and Video Tape Editing 540
38.1 Film editing 540
38.2 Video tape editing 549
38.3 Interrelationship between film and video editing 552
38.4 Future developments 554
38.5 The role of the editor 554
Bibliography 554
Chapter 39. Telecines 556
39.1 Telecine types 556
39.2 Film formats 556
39.3 Filmtransports 557
39.4 Sound reproduction 559
39.5 Optical and scanning systems 559
39.6 Colour response 561
39.7 Signal processing 562
References 565
Bibliography 565
Part 8: Mobile and Portable TV Equipment and Operations 568
Chapter 40. Portable Television Cameras and Videotape Recorders 570
40.1 Background 570
40.2 Recording systems for portable use 571
40.3 Component video systems 572
40.4 Sound recording features of compact video recorders 572
40.5 Portable cameras 572
40.6 Implementations of compact recording system designs 575
Chapter 41. Outside Broadcast Vehicles and Mobile Control Rooms 580
41.1 Evolution of OB vehicles and mobile control rooms 580
41.2 Vehicle design 581
41.3 Outline of constructional techniques for TV mobiles 584
Chapter 42. Microwave Links for OB and ENG 586
42.1 System concepts 586
42.2 Multiplexing 588
42.3 Antennas 592
42.4 Central ENG 595
42.5 System calculations 597
Chapter 43. Electronic News Gathering and Electronic Field Production 602
43.1 Electronic news gathering 602
43.2 Operating practices 604
43.3 Electronic field production 608
Bibliography 609
Chapter 44a. Transportable Power Sources Generators 610
44.1 On-board power generation 610
44.2 Trailer generators 611
Chapter 44b. Transportable Power Sources: Batteries 614
44.3 Battery sources 614
44.4 Battery charging systems 616
44.5 Nickel-cadmium battery management 616
Part 9: Television Sound 618
Chapter 45. Sound Origination Equipment 620
45.1 Primary sources 620
45.2 Secondary sources 626
Bibliography 628
Chapter 46. Sound Mixing and Control 630
46.1 Basic functions of a sound desk 630
46.2 Digital sound desks 634
Chapter 47. Sound Recording Processes 636
47.1 Analogue recording 636
47.2 Noise reduction 638
47.3 Digital recording 639
Chapter 48. Multi-channel Sound Systems 642
48.1 Overview 642
48.2 Analogue systems 643
48.3 Digital systems 649
48.4 Multiple sound signals in MAC systems 658
48.5 Multi-channel sound for HDTV 659
Acknowledgement 659
References 659
Bibliography 660
Chapter 49. Sound Distribution including Digital Sound-in-sync 662
49.1 Methods of sound distribution 662
49.2 Sound-in-sync 662
49.3 Stereo sound-in-sync 663
49.4 Stereo sound transmission using NICAM 728 664
References 665
Chapter 50. Digital Audio Concepts and Equipment 666
50.1 Digital audio concepts 666
50.2 Digital audio in application 684
References 689
Part 10: Television Receivers 690
Chapter 51. Basic Receiver Design Principles 692
51.1 Receiver performance requirements and structure 692
51.2 Colour decoding 708
51.3 Requirements for peripheral equipment 713
51.4 Remote control and l2C bus 714
51.5 Basic data 716
Chapter 52. Picture Displays 718
52.1 Cathode ray tube principles 719
52.2 Monochrome tubes 721
52.3 Single beam colour systems 721
52.4 Side gun and folded electron optical systems 724
52.5 Three beam colour systems 727
52.6 Considerations when using crts 733
52.7 Projection systems 737
52.8 Alternative technologies 737
Chapter 53. Production Engineering and Reliability 742
53.1 Production engineering 742
53.2 Reliability and quality assurance 748
Part 11: Television Receiver Installation and Servicing 756
Chapter 54. Receiving Antennas 758
54.1 Properties of antennas 758
54.2 Types of antennas 760
54.3 Antenna erection 762
54.4 Indoor antennas 763
54.5 Standards and Codes of Practice 763
Chapter 55. TV Maintenance and Servicing 766
55.1 Test equipment 766
55.2 Setting up and performance appraisal 767
55.3 Fault diagnosis 768
55.4 Replacement of components 775
55.5 Intermittent faults and scan testing 776
Bibliography 776
Part 12: Video and Audio Recording and Playback (Domestic) 778
Chapter 56. Video Cassette Recorders 780
56.1 Philips N1500 and N1700 780
56.2 Beta format 781
56.3 VHS format 782
56.4 Grundig SVR 4004 783
56.5 Technicolor VCV212E 783
56.6 The second generation 783
56.7 Philips V2000 786
56.8 Camcorders 787
56.9 Hi-fi sound 787
56.10 VHS long play developments 790
56.11 8 mm video 790
56.12 S-VHS 792
56.13 Digital waveforms 792
Chapter 57. Video Discs 794
57.1 Early systems 794
57.2 Current systems 794
57.3 CD-ROM 797
57.4 Computer floppy disc 797
Chapter 58. Electronic Cameras 800
58.1 Domestic cameras 800
58.2 Camera tubes 801
58.3 Solid-state camera devices 805
Chapter 59. Audio Recording and Playback 808
59.1 Background to consumer audio 808
59.2 The compact cassette 810
59.3 Other cassette systems 811
59.4 The digital audio disc 811
59.5 Related optical disc systems 813
59.6 Digital audio tape 814
59.7 Other systems 816
Bibliography 817
Part 13: Teletext and Similar Technologies 818
Chapter 60. Broadcast Teletext Systems 820
60.1 The teletext data signal 820
60.2 Teletext data format 821
60.3 Error protection 822
60.4 Access time and data rate 823
60.5 Transmission systems 823
60.6 Teletext subtitling 825
60.7 Regional teletext services 826
60.8 Teletext data networking 826
60.9 Measurement of teletext signal quality 827
Bibliography 828
Chapter 61. Teletext Decoders 830
61.1 Basic functions 830
61.2 Decoder performance 832
61.3 Signal path distortion 832
61.4 Multipage decoders 833
61.5 Teletext adaptors 833
61.6 Encrypted teletext services and telesoftware 834
Bibliography 834
Chapter 62. Interactive Videotex 836
62.1 Fundamentals 836
62.2 Terminals 837
62.3 Presentation techniques 838
62.4 International videotex standards 844
62.5 Functionality 845
62.6 Network topologies 847
Acknowledgement 849
Bibliography 849
Part 14: High DefinitionTelevision 850
Chapter 63a. High Definition Television and Electronic Production of Movies – International Background 852
63.1 Introduction 852
63.2 Desirable features of HDTV 853
63.3 Technical considerations for future standards 854
63.4 The HDTV elements design consideration 855
63.5 HDTV formats and transmission 857
63.6 High definition electronic production of movies 865
References 867
Chapter 63b. High Definition Television and Electronic Production of Movies – European Standards 868
63.7 HDTV standards 868
63.8 HDTV formats 869
63.9 HDTV broadcasting 870
63.10 DBS prospects in europe 871
63.11 Conclusions 872
Acknowledgements 872
References 872
Part15: Industrial, Commercial, Medical and Defence Applications of Television 874
Chapter 64. Industrial, Commercial, Medical and Defence Applications 876
64.1 Industrial applications 876
64.2 Commercial applications 878
64.3 Medical applications 882
64.4 Defence applications 883
Part 16: Performance Measurements and Electromagnetic Compatibility 886
Chapter 65. Television Performance Measurements 888
65.1 Introduction 888
65.2 Insertion test signals 888
65.3 Measurement techniques 890
65.4 Measurement tolerances 900
65.5 Teletext 902
65.6 Specialized test waveforms 902
65.7 New TV generation and distribution methods 904
References 905
Chapter 66. Electromagnetic Compatibility 908
66.1 European Community Directive 908
66.2 Relevant standards 910
66.3 Conclusions 913
Bibliography 913
Index 916