Architectural Acoustics (eBook)

Cover 1
Table of contents 8
PREFACE 26
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 28
Chapter 1. HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION 30
1.1 GREEK AND ROMAN PERIOD (650 BC - AD 400) 30
1.2 EARLY CHRISTIAN PERIOD (AD 400–800) 36
1.3 ROMANESQUE PERIOD (800–1100) 39
1.4 GOTHIC PERIOD (1100–1400) 40
1.5 RENAISSANCE PERIOD (1400–1600) 43
1.6 BAROQUE PERIOD (1600–1750) 45
1.7 ORIGINS OF SOUND THEORY 49
1.8 CLASSICAL PERIOD (1750–1825) 50
1.9 ROMANTIC PERIOD (1825–1900) 52
1.10 BEGINNINGS OF MODERN ACOUSTICS 59
1.11 TWENTIETH CENTURY 62
Chapter 2. FUNDAMENTALS OF ACOUSTICS 66
2.1 FREQUENCY AND WAVELENGTH 66
2.2 SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION 69
2.3 SUPERPOSITION OF WAVES 75
2.4 SOUND WAVES 79
2.5 ACOUSTICAL PROPERTIES 84
2.6 LEVELS 88
2.7 SOURCE CHARACTERIZATION 94
Chapter 3. HUMAN PERCEPTION AND REACTION TO SOUND 102
3.1 HUMAN HEARING MECHANISMS 102
3.2 PITCH 106
3.3 LOUDNESS 110
3.4 INTELLIGIBILITY 120
3.5 ANNOYANCE 127
3.6 HEALTH AND SAFETY 134
3.7 OTHER EFFECTS 136
Chapter 4. ACOUSTIC MEASUREMENTS AND NOISE METRICS 144
4.1 MICROPHONES 144
4.2 SOUND LEVEL METERS 150
4.3 FIELD MEASUREMENTS 154
4.4 BROADBAND NOISE METRICS 161
4.5 BAND LIMITED NOISE METRICS 166
4.6 SPECIALIZED MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES 174
Chapter 5. ENVIRONMENTAL NOISE 186
5.1 NOISE CHARACTERIZATION 186
5.2 BARRIERS 190
5.3 ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS 196
5.4 TRAFFIC NOISE MODELING 212
5.5 RAILROAD NOISE 218
5.6 AIRCRAFT NOISE 223
Chapter 6. WAVE ACOUSTICS 228
6.1 RESONANCE 228
6.2 WAVE EQUATION 234
6.3 SIMPLE SOURCES 237
6.4 COHERENT PLANAR SOURCES 248
6.5 LOUDSPEAKERS 255
Chapter 7. SOUND AND SOLID SURFACES 264
7.1 PERFECTLY REFLECTING INFINITE SURFACES 264
7.2 REFLECTIONS FROM FINITE OBJECTS 269
7.3 ABSORPTION 278
7.4 ABSORPTION MECHANISMS 290
7.5 ABSORPTION BY NONPOROUS ABSORBERS 300
7.6 ABSORPTION BY RESONANT ABSORBERS 306
Chapter 8. SOUND IN ENCLOSED SPACES 314
8.1 STANDING WAVES IN PIPES AND TUBES 314
8.2 SOUND PROPAGATION IN DUCTS 318
8.3 SOUND IN ROOMS 322
8.4 DIFFUSE-FIELD MODEL OF ROOMS 327
8.5 REVERBERANT FIELD EFFECTS 333
Chapter 9. SOUND TRANSMISSION LOSS 344
9.1 TRANSMISSION LOSS 344
9.2 SINGLE PANEL TRANSMISSION LOSS THEORY 348
9.3 DOUBLE-PANEL TRANSMISSION LOSS THEORY 362
9.4 TRIPLE-PANEL TRANSMISSION LOSS THEORY 371
9.5 STRUCTURAL CONNECTIONS 374
Chapter 10. SOUND TRANSMISSION IN BUILDINGS 380
10.1 DIFFUSE FIELD SOUND TRANSMISSION 380
10.2 STC RATINGS OF VARIOUS WALL TYPES 386
10.3 DIRECT FIELD SOUND TRANSMISSION 394
10.4 EXTERIOR TO INTERIOR NOISE TRANSMISSION 398
Chapter 11. VIBRATION AND VIBRATION ISOLATION 410
11.1 SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION 410
11.2 SINGLE DEGREE OF FREEDOM SYSTEMS 411
11.3 VIBRATION ISOLATORS 421
11.4 SUPPORT OF VIBRATING EQUIPMENT 424
11.5 TWO DEGREE OF FREEDOM SYSTEMS 433
11.6 FLOOR VIBRATIONS 436
Chapter 12. NOISE TRANSMISSION IN FLOOR SYSTEMS 446
12.1 TYPES OF NOISE TRANSMISSION 446
12.2 AIRBORNE NOISE TRANSMISSION 447
12.3 FOOTFALL NOISE 453
12.4 STRUCTURAL DEFLECTION 470
12.5 FLOOR SQUEAK 476
Chapter 13. NOISE IN MECHANICAL SYSTEMS 480
13.1 MECHANICAL SYSTEMS 480
13.2 NOISE GENERATED BY HVAC EQUIPMENT 482
13.3 NOISE GENERATION IN FANS 486
13.4 NOISE GENERATION IN DUCTS 495
13.5 NOISE FROM OTHER MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT 505
Chapter 14. SOUND ATTENUATION IN DUCTS 510
14.1 SOUND PROPAGATION THROUGH DUCTS 510
14.2 SOUND PROPAGATION THROUGH PLENUMS 521
14.3 SILENCERS 524
14.4 BREAKOUT 526
14.6 CONTROL OF DUCT BORNE NOISE 533
Chapter 15. DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF MULTIFAMILY DWELLINGS 538
15.1 CODES AND STANDARDS 539
15.2 PARTY WALL CONSTRUCTION 544
15.3 PARTY FLOOR-CEILING SEPARATIONS 551
15.4 PLUMBING AND PIPING NOISE 558
15.5 MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT 566
15.6 APPLIANCES AND OTHER SOURCES OF NOISE 569
Chapter 16. DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF OFFICE BUILDINGS 572
16.1 SPEECH PRIVACY IN OPEN OFFICES 572
16.2 SPEECH PRIVACY IN CLOSED OFFICES 592
16.3 MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT 600
Chapter 17. DESIGN OF ROOMS FOR SPEECH 608
17.1 GENERAL ACOUSTICAL REQUIREMENTS 608
17.2 SPEECH INTELLIGIBILITY 617
17.3 DESIGN OF ROOMS FOR SPEECH INTELLIGIBILITY 632
17.4 MOTION PICTURE THEATERS 638
Chapter 18. SOUND REINFORCEMENT SYSTEMS 640
18.1 LOUDSPEAKER SYSTEMS 640
18.2 SOUND SYSTEM DESIGN 647
18.3 CHARACTERIZATION OF TRANSDUCERS 664
18.4 COMPUTER MODELING OF SOUND SYSTEMS 673
Chapter 19. DESIGN OF ROOMS FOR MUSIC 682
19.1 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 682
19.2 GENERAL DESIGN PARAMETERS 686
19.3 QUANTIFIABLE ACOUSTICAL ATTRIBUTES 695
19.4 CONCERT HALLS 711
19.5 OPERA HALLS 720
Chapter 20. DESIGN OF MULTIPURPOSE AUDITORIA AND SANCTUARIES 726
20.1 GENERAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS 726
20.2 DESIGN OF SPECIFIC ROOM TYPES 735
20.3 SPECIALIZED DESIGN PROBLEMS 749
Chapter 21. DESIGN OF STUDIOS AND LISTENING ROOMS 770
21.1 SOUND RECORDING 770
21.2 PRINCIPLES OF ROOM DESIGN 774
21.3 ROOMS FOR LISTENING 793
21.4 ROOMS FOR RECORDING 797
21.5 ROOMS FOR MIXING 803
21.6 DESIGN DETAILS IN STUDIOS 805
Chapter 22. ACOUSTIC MODELING, RAY TRACING, AND AURALIZATION 810
22.1 ACOUSTIC MODELING 810
22.2 RAY TRACING 816
22.3 SPECULAR REFLECTION OF RAYS FROM SURFACES 824
22.4 DIFFUSE REFLECTION OF RAYS FROM SURFACES 827
22.5 AURALIZATION 833
REFERENCES 842
INDEX 858