Collaborative Design in Virtual Environments (eBook)

Preface 6
Contents 10
Part I Virtual Environments for Design: Fundamentals 12
Designers and Collaborative Virtual Environments 13
Introduction 13
Supporting Collaborative Design: From Sketching to CVEs 15
Adding Tangible Interaction to 3D Design 18
Adaptive Virtual Worlds 21
Summary 23
References 23
Visual-Spatial Learning and Training in Collaborative Design in Virtual Environments 26
Overview of Different Types of Virtual Environments 26
Applications of VEs for Individual and Collaborative Activities 27
Design Applications for Visual-Spatial Cognition 28
Locomotion and Spatial Navigation 29
3D Spatial Transformations 30
Conclusion 33
References 33
Part II Representation and Embodiments in Collaborative Virtual Environments: Objects, Users, and Presence 36
Design Representation and Perception in Virtual Environments 37
Background 37
Representation and Media 38
Layers of Organizing Information in the Design Processes 39
Impacts of Media to Representation 40
The Nature of Immersive Environments 40
Design in Virtual Environments 41
Representation in Infinite Environments 43
Perception of the Virtual World in C6 44
Perception and Representation in Collaborative Artificial Spaces 45
Conclusions 46
References 47
Design Paradigms for the Enhancement of Presence in Virtual Environments 49
Introduction 49
Presence: Media-Form and Media-Content 50
Design Paradigms That Induce Presence 51
Task-Based Design 52
Scenario-Based Design 54
Evaluation Criteria in Presence Research 55
Conclusions 56
References 56
Co-presence in Mixed Reality-Mediated Collaborative Design Space 58
Introduction 58
Co-presence Factors 60
Physical Presence Factors 60
Social Presence Factors 64
Case Studies 65
MR-Collab 65
Virtualized Reality-Integrated Telepresence System 67
Tangible Augmented Reality 68
Summary 69
References 70
Part III Design Cooperation: Sharing Context in Collaborative Virtual Environments 72
Collaborative Design in Virtual Environments at Conceptual Stage 73
Introduction 73
Importance and Complexity of Conceptual Design 74
Requirements of Collaboration Design Environments 74
An Experimental Collaborative Design Environment 76
The Virtual Model 76
Description of a Typical Design Cycle 76
Communication Approach and Concurrency 78
Management of Collaboration Using Access Control 80
Summary and Conclusions 81
References 82
“Scales” Affecting Design Communication in Collaborative Virtual Environments 83
Is Scale an Issue in Collaborative Virtual Environments? 83
Background 84
Design Communication 84
Protocol Analysis 85
Study of the Impacts of Different Scale on Design Collaboration in Virtual Design Studio 86
The Impacts of Different Scales on Design Communications in Virtual Environments 88
Impact of Scale on Content of Design Communication 89
Impact of Scale on Non-verbal Design Communication 89
Suggested Guidelines for Further Improvements in Virtual Environments to Support Design Communication 90
Discussions and Conclusions 91
References 91
Design Coordination and Progress Monitoring during the Construction Phase 94
Introduction 94
Emerging Technologies for Progress Monitoring 95
Tagging Technologies 95
Laser Scanners 95
Location Tracking Technologies 96
Construction Progress Monitoring with 4D Simulation Model Overlaid on Time-Lapsed Photographs 96
Interior Construction Progress Monitoring 99
Discussion and Conclusions 102
References 103
Part IV How Designers Design in Collaborative Virtual Environments 105
Impact of Collaborative Virtual Environments on Design Process 106
Introduction 106
Concurrent Engineering 107
Integration 108
Project Processes 109
Social Acceptance of Design 109
Collaborative Virtual Environments 110
Impacts of CVE 111
Quality, Time and Cost 111
Environmental Aspects 111
Creative Design 111
Social Acceptance 112
Business Process Reform 112
Conclusion 113
References 113
A Pedagogical Approach to Exploring Place and Interaction Design in Collaborative Virtual Environments 114
Introduction 114
Case Study 1: Place Design 115
A Collaborative Design Studio: Course Overview 115
Elements of Alternative Place Design 115
Lessons Learned 118
Case Study 2: Interaction Design 118
Designing Virtual Worlds: Course Overview 119
Elements of Interaction Design 119
Lessons Learned 121
Future Directions for Designing and Learning in Virtual Worlds 122
References 123
Sketch That Scene for Me and Meet Me in Cyberspace 124
Pick Up Your Purple Crayon 124
Sketch That Scene for Me 124
Virtual Reality Sketchpad 125
Space Maker 126
Design Evaluator 126
Meet Me in Cyberspace 127
Space Pen 128
Light Pen 128
Spot 129
Working Together While Apart 130
Space: The Final Frontier 131
References 131
A Hybrid Direct Visual Editing Method for Architectural Massing Study in Virtual Environments 134
Introduction 134
Related Work 136
Designing for Massing Study 136
Rough and Quick Content Creation 137
Visual Context and Multiple Scale Viewing 137
Ergonomic Requirements 137
System Overview 137
Direct Visual Editing Techniques 138
Object Creation 138
Object Manipulation 139
Physics 140
Modeling Workflow 141
Usability 141
Conclusions 142
References 142
Part V Case Studies 144
Spaces of Design Collaboration 145
Virtual Design Studios 145
Spaces of Divides: Digital and Physical 147
Scaffolds and Settings 149
Synoptic View 150
Foci of Interaction 150
Reaching Out 151
References 152
Modeling of Buildings for Collaborative Design in a Virtual Environment 154
Introduction 154
Modeling of Buildings for Collaborative Architectural and Structural Design 155
Modeling of Abnormity Buildings in CAD Environment 155
The XML-Based Neutral Model 157
Generation and Visualization of Corresponding Virtual Reality Models 158
Modeling of Buildings in an Urban Area 161
Automatic Model Generation from a Digital Map of an Urban Area 161
Building Models for Damage Simulation Due to Earthquake in an Urban Area 163
Integration of GIS, CAD and VR View Port 164
Conclusions 165
References 166
An Immersive Virtual Reality Mock-Up for Design Review of Hospital Patient Rooms 167
Introduction 167
Rationale for Utilizing Mock-Ups in the Early Design Stage 168
Examples of Virtual Mock-Ups for Design 170
Purdue Patient Room Mock-Up 171
Real-Time Interactive Elements 171
Viewing the Design from Unique Perspectives 173
Identifying Safety Hazards 173
Evaluation and Potential Enhancements 174
Conclusion 175
References 175
The Immersive Virtual Environment Design Studio 177
Introduction 177
Related Research 178
Architectural Design in Virtual Environments 178
Initial Design Stages 179
Computer Supported Collaborative Design - Virtual Design Studio 179
Designing in Virtual Environments 180
Immersive Virtual Environment Design Studio (VeDS) 180
Discussion 183
Progress and Form 183
Communication 185
Conclusion 185
References 187
Author Biographies 192
Author Index 199
Index 200