Radio Monitoring (eBook)

Preface 6
Contents 9
Acronyms 16
1 Introduction 21
2 Problems, Classification and Structure of ARM Equipment 25
Introduction 25
Classification of Radio Monitoring Equipment 26
Operation Zone Sizes 27
Application 27
Equipment Performance 28
Design Constraints 28
Radio Monitoring Equipment Design Philosophy 29
Requirements for RM Equipment Technical Parameters 32
Quality Criterion Selection 32
Main Technical Parameters of RM Equipment 33
Characteristics of RM Equipment Families 35
Radio Monitoring and RES Location Detection Systems 36
Stationary and Mobile RM Stations 36
Portable RM Equipment 38
Manpack ARM Equipment 39
Conclusion 41
References 42
3 Radio Receiver Applications for Radio Monitoring System 43
Introduction 43
Tuned Radio Receiver 43
Main Radio Receiver Parameters 47
Operating Frequency Range 48
Amplitude-Frequency Response of the Linear Receive Path 48
Voltage Standing Wave Ratio 49
Main Channel and Spurious Channels 50
RR Selectivity 54
Inherent Noise and Receiver Sensitivity 56
Sensitivity Increase with the Help of Pre-amplifiers 59
Pre-amplifier Gain Factor Selection 62
Receiver Multi-Signal Selectivity 63
Intermodulation Noise 63
Intercept Points on IP 2 and IP 3 Intermodulation 67
Intermodulation-Free Dynamic Range Determination 70
Attenuator Influence on the Intermodulation Value 71
Determining the Intercept Points 72
Blockage Effect 72
Crosstalk Distortions 73
Phase Noise and Retuning Rate of the Panoramic RR 74
Digital Radio Receivers 76
General Principles of Digital Radio Receiver Implementation 76
Types of ARM Receivers 78
Development of Russian Arm Systems 80
First- and Second-Generation Systems 80
Radio Receivers of the Third and Fourth Generation 82
Fifth-Generation Radio Receivers 86
ARK-CT1 Digital Radio Receiver 87
ARK-D1TP Digital Panoramic Measuring Receiver 93
ARK-CT3 Digital Receiver 95
ARK-KNV4 External Remote-Controlled Converter 99
ARK-PR5 Argamak Digital Radio Receiver 101
ARGAMAK-I Panoramic Measuring Receiver 113
Conclusion 113
References 114
4 Single-Channel and Multi-Channel Radio Signal Detection 115
Introduction 115
Single-Channel Signal Detection 117
Characteristics of Single-Channel Detectionof Narrow-Band Signals 125
Single-Channel Detection of Radio Signals With POFT 128
Probabilistic Features of the Frequency Observation Time 129
Probability of Separate Frequency Registration 131
Estimate of the Total Number of Registered Frequencies 132
Optimization of ARM System Parameters 133
Detection Characteristics 135
Double-Channel Detection of Narrow-Band Signals 137
Comparison of Single-Channel and Double-Channel Processing 139
Conclusion 141
References 141
5 Multi-Channel Digital Receivers 143
Introduction 143
Panoramic Multi-Channel Receivers 143
ARK-D11 Double-Channel Complex 145
ARK-RD8M Multi-Channel Complex 146
SMO-MCRM Customized Software Package 150
Software Purpose and Performance Capabilities 150
Software Operation Modes 151
Conclusion 153
References 153
6 Modulation and Signal Types in Modern Radioelectronic Means 155
Introduction 155
Administrative Division of the Frequency Spectrum 155
Modulation in Communication and Broadcast Systems 158
General Information 158
Types of Analog Modulation 160
Amplitude Modulation 160
Frequency Modulation 163
Phase Modulation 166
Types of Discrete (Digital) Modulation 167
Amplitude-Shift Keyed Signal 167
Frequency-Shift Keyed Signal 168
Phase Shift-Keying Signal 172
Amplitude-Phase Shift Keying 176
Signals of Modern Radio Electronic Means 177
SW Range Signals (Less Than 30MHz) 178
Radio Broadcasting 178
Communication in SW Range 182
VHF Range Signals (More Than 30MHz) 185
Radio Broadcasting 186
TV Broadcasting 188
Communication in VHF Range 190
International System for Signal Designation 202
International Frequency Range Distribution 205
Conclusion 209
References 212
7 Measurement of Radio Signal Parameters 214
Introduction 214
Frequency Measurement 214
Instantaneous Frequency Measurement Method 215
FFT Method 216
Measurement of Spectrum Width 218
Determination of Modulation Type and Its Parameter Measurement 220
Determination of Modulation Type 220
Modulation and the Determination of Shift-Keying Characteristics 223
SMO-STA Software for the Analysis of Automated Radio Signals 225
STA Software Possibilities and Its Functional Diagram 225
Examples of Radio Signal Modulation Type and Parameters' Determination 227
AM Signal Analysis 227
FM Signal Analysis 230
FFSK Signal Analysis 230
PSK Signal Analysis 235
Automated Technical Analysis of Radio Signals 235
Unit for Automated Radio Signal Analysis 238
Peculiarities of SMO-PA Application 240
Operation in ''Measurement'' Mode 240
Operation in ''Survey'' Mode 250
Application of Automatic Signal Analysis in SMO-RD2 252
Conclusion 254
References 255
8 Direction Finding of Radio Emission Sources 256
Introduction 256
History of Radio Direction-Finding Technique 257
Structural Diagram and Characteristics of Radio Direction Finders 260
Main Technical Parameters of Radio Direction Finders 261
Accuracy of Direction Finding 262
Sensitivity 265
Noise Immunity 266
Operating Rate 267
Resolution 267
Operating Frequency Range 268
Types of Being-Found Signals 268
Deployment Time 268
Weight and Size 268
Complexity in Manufacture and Operation 268
Cost 269
Classification of Direction-Finding Methods 269
Systems Based on a Rotating Directional Antenna 270
ARK-RP3 Handheld Radio Direction Finder 275
ARK-RP4 Handheld Radio Direction Finder 281
Automatic Radio Compass 282
Automatic Radio Direction Finder with Low Antenna Base 284
Doppler and Quasi-Doppler Direction Finders 289
Phase and Correlation Interferometers 291
Peculiarities of Correlation Interferometer 297
Algorithm of Correlation Interferometer Measuring System 300
Single-Channel Measuring System on the Basis of a Correlation Interferometer 308
ARTIKUL-M4 Foldable Correlation Interferometer 314
ARTIKUL-M1 Mobile Direction Finder 316
ARTIKUL-P Portable Foldable Direction Finder 320
ARTIKUL-P11 Portable Foldable Direction Finder 324
Direction Finding Error Correction in Mobile Systems 326
Conclusion 334
References 335
9 Radio Monitoring Systems and Determination of Radio Emission Sources Location 336
Introduction 336
Requirements for Radio Monitoring and Location Determination Systems 337
Structure of the Radio Monitoring System and Determination of RES Location 339
ARK-POM1 System 340
ARK-POM2 System 341
ARK-POM3 Geographically-Distributed System 341
Combined ARK-POM System 342
Control Arrangement in the System 344
Data Exchange between Stationary Posts 345
Data Exchange with the Mobile and Deployed Posts 347
Peculiarity of the Low-Speed Radio Channel Application 347
Usage of Radio Modems of the Cellular Communication Systems 350
Data Exchange Implementation in Combined ARK-POM System 351
Archa Stationary Station 352
Argument Mobile Station 357
System-Wide Car Equipment 362
Arena Portable Station 365
''Arena'' Station Structure 365
Mast Devices for Radio Monitoring Stations 366
Navigation Systems for Radio Monitoring Stations 368
Features of Modern Navigation Systems 369
Navigation Systems for Mobile Stations 374
Electric Power Supply Systems 375
Requirements for Electric Power Sources 375
Electric Power Sources for Radio Equipment 376
AC Mains 376
Vehicle On-Board Network 377
On-Board Network of Aircraft 378
Chemical Current Sources 378
Secondary Electric Supply Sources 379
Linear Voltage Regulators and Stabilizers 379
Pulse Voltage Stabilizers and Converters 379
Example of Pulse Power Supply of Low Power 381
Multi-Channel Pulse Power Source 383
ARK-UPS12 Universal Power Supply Unit 384
Autonomous Electric Station Usage 388
Special Software Support and Operation Modes of Stations 391
Software Support Structure 391
''Spectrum'' Mode 392
''Search'' Mode 393
''Bearing'' Mode 396
''Measurement'' and ''Technical Analysis'' Modes 397
''Review'' Mode 400
''Multi-Channel Direction Finding'' Mode 401
Peculiarities of the Direction Finding of POFT Stations 402
''Electronic Map'' Mode 404
Post-processing Mode 407
Conclusion 409
References 410
10 Radio Emission Source Localization Using Mobile Stations and Field Strength Measurement 411
Introduction 411
Methods of RES Localization Using the Mobile Station 413
Drive Method 413
Quasi-Stationary Method 414
Method of Automatic Calculation of RES Coordinates During Movement 416
Peculiarities of Multi-Channel Direction Finding 419
Simultaneous Direction Finding 420
Electromagnetic Field Strength Measurement 421
Main Mathematical Relations 422
Peculiarities of the Field Strength Distribution Estimation 424
Field Strength Measurement 425
On-Site Calculation of Field Strength Distribution 426
District Topography 427
Urban Build-Up 429
Vegetation Influence 430
Calculation of Field Strength in the SMO-KN Application 432
Processing of Field Strength Measurements 433
Determination of RES Location 437
Checking Transmitters for Announced Parameters 439
Calculation of Electromagnetic Compatibility 441
Conclusion 442
References 442
11 Detection and Localization of Technical Channels of Information Leakage 444
Introduction 444
Main Search Stages for Electromagnetic Channels of Information Leakage 445
Detection of Radio Signals Emitted in Monitored Premise 447
Radio Signal Intensity in Near-Field and Far-Field Regions 447
Generalized Structure of Equipment for TCIL Detection 449
Comparison Technique for Signal Intensities 450
Detection Algorithm for Radio Signal Sources in Monitored Area 452
Detection Effectiveness Dependence on the Equipment and the Ways of ''Standard'' Panorama Obtaining 453
Identification and Localization of Radio Microphones 454
Distant Radio Monitoring Systems of Remote Premises 455
Construction Principles of Remote Radio Monitoring Systems 455
Examples of Remote Radio Monitoring Systems 458
Peculiarities of ARK-D3T Remote Radio Monitoring System 460
Peculiarities of the ARK-D9 Remote Radio Monitoring System 465
Peculiarities of the ARK-D13 Remote Radio Monitoring System 467
Software for Remote Radio Monitoring Systems 468
Purpose and Possibilities of SMO-DX Application 469
Peculiarities of Radio Microphone Detection 470
Joint Usage of the Various Detection Algorithms 471
Radio microphone Localization Inside of Monitored Premises 472
Equipment Operation in the Remote Radio Monitoring System 472
Detection of TCIL Sources by the Mobile Station 474
Antenna System Selection 475
Methods of RES Detection 476
Equipment Structure of ARTIKUL-M6 Mobile Direction Finder 478
Software Structure and Search Procedure Implementation 479
Aggregation of the Initial Data Frames 481
Frame Processing and Generation of ''Suspicious'' Frequency List 482
Checking the Frequencies from the List and More Precise RES Detection 484
Conclusion 485
References 486
12 Methods and Equipment for Protection Against Information Leakage Via CEE Channels 487
General Information 487
Special Investigation Types and Information Security Index 487
Calculation of Information Security Index 489
Estimation of the Testing Mode Parameters for a LCD Monitor 490
Estimation of the Testing Mode Parameters for a CRT Monitor 491
Methods of Detection of CEE Informative Components 492
Probabilistic Features of Periodogram Samples 494
TDM Algorithm 495
Application of ARK-D1TI Measuring Complex 498
Search of CEE Informative Components 500
Measurement of CEE Informative Component Intensity 501
Calculation of the Monitored Zone Radius by SMO-PRIZ Application 502
Information Security Monitoring 504
SMO-PRIZ Application Operation for Information Security Monitoring 506
Purposes and Functions of SMO-THESIS Application 508
Conclusion 512
References 512
Conclusion 513
Respectful reader! 513
Subject Index 515