Photography

Picture Credits

 

Preface

 

Introduction

 

CHAPTER ONE

The Origins of Photography (to 1839)

Before Photography

Technological and Artistic Forebears

The Invention of “Photographies”

Antoine Florence and the Question of Simultaneous Invention

The Problem of Permanence: Wedgwood and Davy

The “Sun Writing” of Niépce

The Collaboration of Niépce and Daguerre

Daguerre and the Latent Image

Responses to the Announcement of the Daguerreotype

Bayard’s Direct Positive Process

Herschel’s “Photographic Specimens”

Talbot’s Photogenic Drawing

The Politics of Invention

Focus: The Stranger

Philosophy and Practice: Nature’s Automatic Writing

 

CHAPTER TWO

The Second Invention of Photography (1839—1854)

The Second Invention

Focus: Iron, Glass, and

Photography

Talbot and The Pencil of Nature

Bayard: The Doubting Camera

Photography and the Sciences

The Microscope and the Telescope

Biology

Anthropology and Medicine

Focus: Photography, Race, and Slavery

Performing History? The Dr. Morton Controversy

Recording Events with the Camera

War and Photography

Imaging War

Focus: The Mexican-American War

British Conflicts in Asia

Expeditionary and Travel Photography

Egypt and the Holy Land

The Historic Monuments Commission

Portraiture and the Camera

Coloring the Image

The Photography Studio

Celebrity Photography

The Firm of Southworth and Hawes

The Calotype Portrait: Hill and Adamson

Focus: The First Police Pictures?

Photography and Fiction

Philosophy and Practice: A Threat to Art?

 

CHAPTER THREE

The Expanding Domain (1854—1880)

The Stereograph

The Carte-de-Visite

Photographic Societies, Publications,

and Exchange Clubs

Art and Photography

Art Reproduction

The Photographer and Fine Art

High Art Photography

Women Behind the Camera

Women as Amateurs

Portrait: Julia Margaret Cameron

Women as Professionals

War and Photography

The Crimean War

Roger Fenton

Focus: The Valley of Death

James Robertson

The American Civil War

The Effect of the War on Photography

Portrait: Mathew Brady

The Civil War and Remembrance

Portrait: Alexander Gardner

The War of the Triple Alliance, South America

The Franco-Prussian War and the Paris Commune

“Small Wars,” Colonial Expansion,and Photography

India

China

Japan

Photography in the Middle East

Topographical Surveys and Photography

The Abyssinian Campaign, or the Maqdala Expedition

Désiré Charnay and Expeditionary Photography

The 49th Parallel Survey

Government Surveys in the United States

Photography and the Transcontinental Railway

Timothy O’Sullivan and Survey Photography

Preservation of the Wilderness: Yellowstone and Yosemite

War and the Photography of Native Americans

The Modoc War

The Fort Laramie Treaty

Little Big Horn

Photography and Science

Medical Photography

Photomicrography and Astronomical Photographs

Photographic Studies of Human Expression

Duchenne de Boulogne

Darwin

Charcot

Photography and the Social Sciences

Ethnographic Studies and Display

Orientalism

“Dying Cultures”

Popularizing Ethnic and Economic Types

Philosophy and Practice: “Superseded by Reality”

Focus: Lewis Carroll’s Photographs of Children

 

CHAPTER FOUR

Photography in the Modern Age (1880—1918)

The Challenge for Art Photography

Naturalistic Photography

Pictorialism

Movements and Magazines

The Photo-Secession

Portrait: Alfred Stieglitz

Portrait: Edward Steichen

The Nude and Pictorialism

Women in the Pictorialist Movement

Portrait: Gertrude Käsebier

Anthropological Pictorialism

Non-Pictorialist Visions

Pictorialism: A Conservative Avant-Garde

Photography and the Modern City

Social Reform Photography

Portrait: Jacob Riis

The Ideal City

Science and Photography

The Photography of Movement

Focus: Photography and Futurism

Photography and the Invention of Moving Pictures

The X-Ray

Focus: Worker Efficiency: The Gilbreths’ Time and Motion Studies

Photography, Social Science, and Exploration

Photographing Africa

Focus: The National Geographic

Photographing the Pacific Paradise: Samoa

Criminal Likenesses

War and Photography

The Spanish—American War

World War I

The Russian Revolution

Philosophy and Practice: The Real Thing

 

CHAPTER FIVE

A New Vision (1918—1945)

Revolutionary Art: The Soviet Photograph

Dada and After

Focus: Photomontage or Photocollage

Moholy-Nagy and the Bauhaus

Dada and Paris

Dada and the Machine Age in New York

Surrealist Photography

Focus: Film and Photography

Experimental Photography and Advertising

Experimental Photography as Style

CaliforniaModern

Social Science, Social Change, and the Camera

The Origins of Documentary

The Farm Security Administration

Portrait: Margaret Bourke-White

Transforming the Social Documentary

Portrait: August Sander

Worker Photography

Popular Science

World War II

Philosophy and Practice:The “Common Man” and the End of Media Utopia

 

CHAPTER SIX

Through the Lens of Culture (1945—1975)

The Family of Man

Cultural Relativism and Cultural Resistance

Focus: Making an Icon of Revolution

Latin America

Brazil and Argentina

Mexico

Portrait: Manuel Álvarez Bravo

Africa

Asia

India

Japan

Portrait: Shomei Tomatsu

Focus: Photographing the Atomic Bomb

The West and the Cold War

Annihilation, Alienation,Abstraction: America

The Americans

On the Streets

The Social Landscape

Suburbia

Technology and Media in Postwar America

Color Photography and the Polaroid Process

Television, Photojournalism, and National Events

Photography in Art

Philosophy and Practice: Photography “Born Whole”

 

CHAPTER SEVEN

Convergences (1975—2)

Photography, Nature, and Science

 

Post-Photography

The End

Everything Old is New Again

Face Value

The Predicaments of Social

Concern

Portrait: Sebastião Salgado

The Color of Concern

Neutral Vision

Focus: The Cambodian Genocide

Photographic Database

The Look of Politics

The New Social Documentary

Thinking Photography

The Postmodern Era

Postmodernist Photography

Art Photography and

Photography-by-artists

Blurring the Subject

Feminism and Postmodern

Photography

Constructed Realities

Focus: Culture Wars

Family Pictures

Extended Family

Focus: Looking at Children

Nature and the Body Politic

Philosophy and Practice:

The Passing of the

Postmodern

CHAPTER EIGHT

Into the New Millennium

 

Past and Present

Slide Show

The Medium of the Moment

Photographic Practice and

Globalization

Global/Local 006

The Arab World

Focus: China 060

Youth and Beauty

Snapshot Diarists

Science and Society

The Animal Kingdom

Platforms

War and Photography

Philosophy and Practice: Seeing and

Being Seen

Glossary

Timeline

Notes

Bibliography

Index