Introduction to English Linguistics (eBook)

PrefacesVIII
1 Introduction1
1.1 What is Linguistics2
1.2 Branches of Linguistics2
1.3 Central Concepts of Linguistics4
1.4 Bibliography9
2 A Brief History of English11
2.1 The Linguistic History of English12
2.1.1 Old English (c450 – c115013
2.1.2 Middle English (c1150 – c150020
2.1.3 Early Modern English (c1500 – c1700)24
2.1.4 Modern English (c1700 – present) 28
2.2 English Around the World30
2.3 English in the 21st Century34
2.4 Exercises36
2.5 Bibliography37
3 Phonetics and Phonology39
3.1 Phonetics: The Study of Speech Sounds40
3.1.1 Speech Sound Production41
3.1.2 Description and Classification of Consonants and Vowels. 43
3.1.3 Phonetic Transcription50
3.2 Phonology: The Function and Patterning of Sounds58
3.2.1 Segmental Phonology59
3.2.2 Suprasegmental Phonology64
3.2.3 Connected Speech68
3.3 Exercises70
3.4 Bibliography73
4 Morphology75
4.1 Morphology and Grammar76
4.2 Morphemes and Allomorphs85
4.3 Morphological Processes86
4.3.1 Inflection86
4.3.2 Word Formation88
4.4 Exercises95
4.5 Bibliography97
5 Syntax99
5.1 Syntactic Categories100
5.2 Sentence Types103
5.3 Building Sentences104
5.4 Characteristic Phrase Structures and . Clause Structures of English113
5.5 Grammatical Rules and Grammaticality120
5.6 Exercises123
5.7 Bibliography124
6 Semantics127
6.1 The Study of Meaning128
6.2 Lexical Semantics128
6.2.1 Meaning Relations Among Words129
6.2.2 Word Meaning135
6.2.3 Conceptualisation and Categorisation138
6.3 Sentence Meaning141
6.3.1 Meaning Relations Among Sentences141
6.3.2 Sentence Interpretations144
6.4 Exercises148
6.5 Bibliography149
7 Pragmatics151
7.1 What Does Pragmatics Do152
7.2 Deixis153
7.2.1 Person Deixis154
7.2.2 Place Deixis156
7.2.3 Time Deixis157
7.3 The Cooperative Principle158
7.4 Speech Acts160
7.5 Conversation Analysis164
7.6 Exercises166
7.7 Bibliography169
8 Sociolinguistics171
8.1 The Subject Matter172
8.2 Language Variation173
8.2.1 Geographical Differentiation of Language178
8.2.2 Social Differentiation of Language181
8.3 Language and Gender185
8.4 Exercises193
8.5 Bibliography194
9 Appendix197
9.1 Answers197
9.2 Index211