Kizzuwatna. History of Cilicia in the Middle and Late Bronze Age (ca. 2000-1200 BC)

Andrea Trameri, Ph.D. (2020), Institute for the Study of the Ancient World, New York University, is a researcher in Hittitology at the University of Würzburg, Germany. He has published studies of archaeological, philological and historical scope, primarily focused on Hittite Anatolia, including Purifying a House from Blood. A Hittite Ritual for the Ancient Gods (Lockwood, 2022).

Foreword


List of Figures and Tables





1 Introduction


 1.1 Topic


 1.2 Space and Time


 1.3 Nature of the Primary Evidence


 1.4 Previous Studies


 1.5 Methodology, Goals and Historiographical Conception


 1.6 On Chronology and Absolute Dates


 1.7 Note on Periodization of Hittite History, Language and Paleography Transcription Standards





2 Historical Geography of Kizzuwatna


 2.1 Tasks and Methodological Problems


 2.2 The Name of Kizzuwatna


 2.3 Other Names of Kizzuwatna and Cilicia in the Late Bronze Age?


 2.4 The Territory of Kizzuwatna through Time


 2.5 The Borders of Kizzuwatna according to the Hittite Sources


 2.6 The Location of Lawazantiya


 2.7 Kummani and Kizzuwatna


 2.8 The Eastern Limits of Kizzuwatna: Philological and Archaeological Evidence


 2.9 An Oath of the Men of Išmirikka for Arnuwanda i (CTH 133), and the Eastern Frontier


 2.10 Summary





3 Cilicia in the Middle Bronze Age (ca. 2000–1550 BC)


 3.1 Archaeology


 3.2 Trade Networks


 3.3 Languages and People: Hurrian(s) and Luwian(s) in Cilicia?


 3.4 Summary





4 “And He Made the Lands the Borders of the Sea”: Cilicia and the Old Hittite Kingdom (17th–16th c.)


 4.1 Statement of the Problem


 4.2 The via Tauri and the Route to Syria


 4.3 The Early Old Kingdom Campaigns and Other Sources


 4.4 The Tarsus Land Grant of Tabarna, Great King


 4.5 Archaeology and Material Culture in Cilicia (17th–16th c.)


 4.6 Summary





5 The Age of Kizzuwatna (Late 16th–Late 15th c.)


 5.1 The Origins of the Kingdom


 5.2 The Seal of Išpudaḫšu, Great King


 5.3 Kizzuwatna, a “Great Kingdom”?


 5.4 Negotiating with the Hittites: the Diplomatic Corpus


 5.5 Other Documents for a History of Kizzuwatna


 5.6 Kizzuwatna and Mittani


 5.7 Archaeology


 5.8 Summary





6 A Silent Demise: Kizzuwatna and the Hittite New Kingdom in the Late 15th to Mid-14th c.


 6.1 The Reign of Sunaššura under Mittani (AlT 14)


 6.2 A New Kingdom: the Reign of Tudḫaliya


 6.3 The Treaty between Tudḫaliya I and Sunaššura


 6.4 Kizzuwatna and the Hittite Early New Kingdom’s Dynasty


 6.5 The Annexation of Kizzuwatna to the Hittite Kingdom


 6.6 Archaeology of the (Early) Empire in Cilicia


 6.7 Summary





7 Kizzuwatna during the Hittite Empire Period


 7.1 The Priests of Kizzuwatna: Kantuzili and Telipinu


 7.2 Suppiluliuma and the Syrian Campaigns


 7.3 Kizzuwatna in the Empire Age: the Reigns of Mursili II and Muwatalli II


 7.4 Queen Pudo-Ḫeba, a “Daughter of Kizzuwatna”


 7.5 Sources on the Late Empire in Cilicia


 7.6 Archaeology of the Hittite Empire in Cilicia, and the Prodromes to the Iron Age: Outline





8 Aspects of Society, Culture and Religion in Kizzuwatna


 8.1 Concerning Cultural Identities in Kizzuwatna


 8.2 Languages and Populations in the Historical Period


 8.3 The Dynasty: Onomastics and Related Questions


 8.4 Religion of Kizzuwatna: Deities and Cults


 8.5 The Importation of the Kizzuwatnean Religious Traditions into the Hittite Context





9 Conclusion: an Outline of the History of Kizzuwatna


 9.1 The Origins of the Kingdom and the Early Sources


 9.2 A Diplomatic History: Kizzuwatna and the Hittites (Late 16th–Mid 15th c.)


 9.3 Languages, Culture and Religion in Kizzuwatna


 9.4 The Rise of Mittani and the End of Independence


 9.5 The Annexation of Kizzuwatna to the Hittite Kingdom


 9.6 The New Kingdom and the Role of Kizzuwatna in Hittite History


 9.7 The Fall of the Empire and the Transition into the Iron Age


Bibliography


Index of Cited Texts


General Index